 |
 |
 |
||||||||
Disease Condition
|
(1) Moore R. Medical Foods
for Celiac Disease. Lifeline XV[3], 1-11. 7-1-1997. (2) Abuarqoub H, Foresti R, Green CJ, Motterlini R. Heme oxygenase-1 mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of 2'-hydroxychalcone in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006 April;290(4):C1092-C1099. (3) Agarwal OP. The anti-inflammatory action of nepitrin, a flavonoid. Agents Actions 1982 July;12(3):298-302. (4) Ahmed S, Wang N, Lalonde M, Goldberg VM, Haqqi TM. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) differentially inhibits interleukin-1 beta-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -13 in human chondrocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004 February;308(2):767-73. (5) Arteel GE, Schroeder P, Sies H. Reactions of peroxynitrite with cocoa procyanidin oligomers. J Nutr 2000 August;130(8S Suppl):2100S-4S. (6) Arteel GE, Sies H. Protection against peroxynitrite by cocoa polyphenol oligomers. FEBS Lett 1999 November 26;462(1-2):167-70. (7) BAVETTA LA, NIMNI ME. EFFECT OF BIOFLAVONOIDS AND METHYLPREDNISOLONE ON COLLAGEN BIOSYNTHESIS. Am J Physiol 1964 January;206:179-82. (8) Berg PA, Daniel PT. Effects of flavonoid compounds on the immune response. Prog Clin Biol Res 1988;280:157-71. (9) Busse WW, Kopp DE, Middleton E Jr. Flavonoid modulation of human neutrophil function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984 June;73(6):801-9. (10) Calixto JB, Yunes RA. Natural bradykinin antagonists. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1991;86 Suppl 2:195-202. (11) D'Alessandro T, Prasain J, Benton MR et al. Polyphenols, inflammatory response, and cancer prevention: chlorination of isoflavones by human neutrophils. J Nutr 2003 November;133(11 Suppl 1):3773S-7S. (12) Diamond BJ, Shiflett SC, Feiwel N et al. Ginkgo biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical indications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000 May;81(5):668-78. (13) Gerritsen ME. Flavonoids: inhibitors of cytokine induced gene expression. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998;439:183-90. (14) Hosseinzadeh H, Ramezani M, Fadishei M, Mahmoudi M. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity effects of Zhumeria majdae extracts in mice and rats. Phytomedicine 2002 March;9(2):135-41. (15) Hougee S, Sanders A, Faber J et al. Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production by LPS-stimulated PBMC upon in vitro incubation with the flavonoids apigenin, luteolin or chrysin, due to selective elimination of monocytes/macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2005 January 15;69(2):241-8. (16) Jacobson KA, Moro S, Manthey JA, West PL, Ji XD. Interactions of flavones and other phytochemicals with adenosine receptors. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;505:163-71. (17) Kris-Etherton PM, Lefevre M, Beecher GR, Gross MD, Keen CL, Etherton TD. Bioactive compounds in nutrition and health-research methodologies for establishing biological function: the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids on atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Nutr 2004;24:511-38. (18) Lewis DA. Anti-inflammatory drugs from plant and marine sources. Agents Actions Suppl 1989;27:3-373. (19) Manthey JA. Biological properties of flavonoids pertaining to inflammation. Microcirculation 2000;7(6 Pt 2):S29-S34. (20) Mao TK, van de WJ, Keen CL, Schmitz HH, Gershwin ME. Cocoa flavonols and procyanidins promote transforming growth factor-beta1 homeostasis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood ) 2003 January;228(1):93-9. (21) Maron DJ. Flavonoids for reduction of atherosclerotic risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004 January;6(1):73-8. (22) Middleton E Jr, Kandaswami C, Theoharides TC. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2000 December;52(4):673-751. (23) Olszanecki R, Gebska A, Kozlovski VI, Gryglewski RJ. Flavonoids and nitric oxide synthase. J Physiol Pharmacol 2002 December;53(4 Pt 1):571-84. (24) Rotelli AE, Guardia T, Juarez AO, de la Rocha NE, Pelzer LE. Comparative study of flavonoids in experimental models of inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2003 December;48(6):601-6. (25) Shigematsu S, Ishida S, Hara M et al. Resveratrol, a red wine constituent polyphenol, prevents superoxide-dependent inflammatory responses induced by ischemia/reperfusion, platelet-activating factor, or oxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 2003 April 1;34(7):810-7. (26) Falus A. Histamine, part of the metabolome. Acta Biol Hung 2003;54(1):27-34. (27) Hirasawa N, Ohuchi K, Kawarasaki K, Watanabe M, Tsurufuji S. Occurrence of histamine-production-increasing factor in the postanaphylactic phase of allergic inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1989;88(4):386-93. (28) Hirasawa N, Ohtsu H, Watanabe T, Ohuchi K. Enhancement of neutrophil infiltration in histidine decarboxylase-deficient mice. Immunology 2002 October;107(2):217-21. (29) Sasaki A, Sato S, Go M, Murakami O, Hanew K, Yoshinaga K. Potentiation of peptide histidine methionine (PHM) on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) induced ACTH secretion in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987 December;65(6):1305-7. (30) Aanonsen LM, Wilcox GL. Nociceptive action of excitatory amino acids in the mouse: effects of spinally administered opioids, phencyclidine and sigma agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987 October;243(1):9-19. (31) Aoki KR. Evidence for antinociceptive activity of botulinum toxin type A in pain management. Headache 2003 July;43 Suppl 1:S9-15. (32) Basbaum AI. Spinal mechanisms of acute and persistent pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999 January;24(1):59-67. (33) Boscan P, Kasparov S, Paton JF. Somatic nociception activates NK1 receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii to attenuate the baroreceptor cardiac reflex. Eur J Neurosci 2002 September;16(5):907-20. (34) Cesaro P, Ollat H. Pain and its treatments. Eur Neurol 1997;38(3):209-15. (35) Ebersberger A. Physiology of meningeal innervation: aspects and consequences of chemosensitivity of meningeal nociceptors. Microsc Res Tech 2001 April 15;53(2):138-46. (36) Fields HL, Heinricher MM, Mason P. Neurotransmitters in nociceptive modulatory circuits. Annu Rev Neurosci 1991;14:219-45. (37) Fioramonti J, Bueno L. Centrally acting agents and visceral sensitivity. Gut 2002 July;51 Suppl 1:i91-i95. (38) Genth E. [Progress in molecular biology and pathophysiology of pain manifestation. New aspects for pain therapy in rheumatology]. Z Rheumatol 2001 December;60(6):401-2. (39) Gracely RH. Pain measurement. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999 October;43(9):897-908. (40) Guirimand F, Le Bars D. [Physiology of nociception]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1996;15(7):1048-79. (41) Kindgen-Milles D, Arndt JO. Nitric oxide as a chemical link in the generation of pain from veins in humans. Pain 1996 January;64(1):139-42. (42) Minami T, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Mori H et al. Characterization of nociceptin/orphanin FQ-induced pain responses in conscious mice: neonatal capsaicin treatment and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor GluRepsilon subunit knockout mice. Neuroscience 2000;97(1):133-42. (43) Ono T, Inoue M, Rashid MH, Sumikawa K, Ueda H. Stimulation of peripheral nociceptor endings by low dose morphine and its signaling mechanism. Neurochem Int 2002 December;41(6):399-407. (44) Otsuka M. [Pain and chemical transmitters]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1988 December;28(12):1367-9. (45) Otsuka M, Yanagisawa M. Pain and neurotransmitters. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1990 September;10(3):293-302. (46) Riedel W, Neeck G. Nociception, pain, and antinociception: current concepts. Z Rheumatol 2001 December;60(6):404-15. (47) Willis WD. Role of neurotransmitters in sensitization of pain responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 March;933:142-56. (48) Kahn CH, Warfield CA. The role of neurotransmitters in processing painful stimuli. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1989 January 15;24(1):165, 169-5, 170. (49) Kerchner GA, Wilding TJ, Li P, Zhuo M, Huettner JE. Presynaptic kainate receptors regulate spinal sensory transmission. J Neurosci 2001 January 1;21(1):59-66. (50) Kovacs KJ, Cai Y, Larson AA. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA is down-regulated, and constitutive NOS enzymatic activity decreased, in thoracic dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of the rat by a substance P N-terminal metabolite. Eur J Neurosci 2001 August;14(4):577-84. (51) Li HS, Zhao ZQ. Small sensory neurons in the rat dorsal root ganglia express functional NK-1 tachykinin receptor. Eur J Neurosci 1998 April;10(4):1292-9. (52) Liu H, Mantyh PW, Basbaum AI. NMDA-receptor regulation of substance P release from primary afferent nociceptors. Nature 1997 April 17;386(6626):721-4. (53) Southall MD, Bolyard LA, Vasko MR. Twenty-four hour exposure to prostaglandin downregulates prostanoid receptor binding but does not alter PGE(2)-mediated sensitization of rat sensory neurons. Pain 2002 April;96(3):285-96. (54) Todd AJ, Puskar Z, Spike RC, Hughes C, Watt C, Forrest L. Projection neurons in lamina I of rat spinal cord with the neurokinin 1 receptor are selectively innervated by substance p-containing afferents and respond to noxious stimulation. J Neurosci 2002 May 15;22(10):4103-13. (55) Tokunaga A, Senba E. [Molecular mechanisms of chronic pain]. Masui 1996 May;45(5):547-57. (56) Tolbert DL, Pittman T, Alisky JM, Clark BR. Chronic NMDA receptor blockade or muscimol inhibition of cerebellar cortical neuronal activity alters the development of spinocerebellar afferent topography. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1994 July 15;80(1-2):268-74. (57) Weng HR, Mansikka H, Winchurch R, Raja SN, Dougherty PM. Sensory processing in the deep spinal dorsal horn of neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice. Anesthesiology 2001 June;94(6):1105-12. (58) Willis WD. Role of neurotransmitters in sensitization of pain responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 March;933:142-56. (59) Wilson LB, Crews AD. Segmental effect of NMDA block in the dorsal horn on the pressor reflex. Brain Res 1998 October 5;807(1-2):222-7. (60) Woolf CJ. Phenotypic modification of primary sensory neurons: the role of nerve growth factor in the production of persistent pain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1996 March 29;351(1338):441-8. (61) [The important role of neuropeptides in complex regional pain syndrome]. Schmerz 2002 August;16(4):310-1. (62) International symposium on substance P and related peptides. Pain, inflammation, visceral and CNS functions. November 3-6, 1992, Shizuoka, Japan. Abstracts. Regul Pept 1992 September 15;Suppl 1:S1-189. (63) International Symposium on Substance P and Related Peptides: Pain, Inflammation, Visceral and CNS Functions. Proceedings. Shizuoka, Japan, November 3-6, 1992. Regul Pept 1993 July 2;46(1-2):1-471. (64) Aanonsen LM, Wilcox GL. Nociceptive action of excitatory amino acids in the mouse: effects of spinally administered opioids, phencyclidine and sigma agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987 October;243(1):9-19. (65) Abbadie C, Pasternak GW, Aicher SA. Presynaptic localization of the carboxy-terminus epitopes of the mu opioid receptor splice variants MOR-1C and MOR-1D in the superficial laminae of the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 2001;106(4):833-42. (66) Abdulla FA, Stebbing MJ, Smith PA. Effects of substance P on excitability and ionic currents of normal and axotomized rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2001 February;13(3):545-52. (67) Abelli L, Conte B, Somma V et al. The contribution of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves to xylene-induced visceral pain in conscious, freely moving rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1988 May;337(5):545-51. (68) Abelson KS, Hoglund AU. Intravenously administered oxotremorine and atropine, in doses known to affect pain threshold, affect the intraspinal release of acetylcholine in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 2002 April;90(4):187-92. (69) Ackley MA, Asghar AU, Worsley MA, King AE. Peripheral inflammation reduces the response of spinal dorsal horn neurons to an NK3 receptor agonist. Neurosci Lett 2001 July 27;308(1):13-6. (70) Adler GK, Manfredsdottir VF, Creskoff KW. Neuroendocrine abnormalities in fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2002 August;6(4):289-98. (71) Afrah AW, Stiller CO, Olgart L, Brodin E, Gustafsson H. Involvement of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in capsaicin-induced in vivo release of substance P in the rat dorsal horn. Neurosci Lett 2001 December;316(2):83-6. (72) Aghabeigi B. The pathophysiology of pain. Br Dent J 1992 August 8;173(3):91-7. (73) Ahluwalia J, Urban L, Bevan S, Capogna M, Nagy I. Cannabinoid 1 receptors are expressed by nerve growth factor- and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor-responsive primary sensory neurones. Neuroscience 2002;110(4):747-53. (74) Ai MK, Chen TX, Li ZL et al. Some ultrastructure and immunocytochemical findings taken as morphological basis for the gate control theory of pain mechanism. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 1988;13(2):98-105. (75) Al Adawi S, Dawe GS, Bonner A, Stephenson JD, Zarei M. Central noradrenergic blockade prevents autotomy in rat: implication for pharmacological prevention of postdenervation pain syndrome. Brain Res Bull 2002 March 15;57(5):581-6. (76) Aley KO, Levine JD. Different peripheral mechanisms mediate enhanced nociception in metabolic/toxic and traumatic painful peripheral neuropathies in the rat. Neuroscience 2002;111(2):389-97. (77) Aley KO, McCarter G, Levine JD. Nitric oxide signaling in pain and nociceptor sensitization in the rat. J Neurosci 1998 September 1;18(17):7008-14. (78) Alvarez LB, Alonso Valdivielso JL, Alegre LJ. [Pathophysiology of pain in fibromyalgia syndrome: on the threshold of its understanding]. Med Clin (Barc ) 1999 May 8;112(16):621-30. (79) Amann R, Donnerer J, Lembeck F. Activation of primary afferents in the rabbit ear by noxious heat. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991;632:360-2. (80) Anbar M, Gratt BM. Role of nitric oxide in the physiopathology of pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997 October;14(4):225-54. (81) Anbar M, Gratt BM. The possible role of nitric oxide in the physiopathology of pain associated with temporomandibular joint disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998 July;56(7):872-82. (82) Anderberg UM. [Stress can induce neuroendocrine disorders and pain]. Lakartidningen 1999 December 8;96(49):5497-9. (83) Anton PA, Shanahan F. Neuroimmunomodulation in inflammatory bowel disease. How far from "bench" to "bedside"? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998 May 1;840:723-34. (84) Apfel SC, Lipton RB, Arezzo JC, Kessler JA. Nerve growth factor prevents toxic neuropathy in mice. Ann Neurol 1991 January;29(1):87-90. (85) Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Kopp S, Lundeberg T, Theodorsson E. Neuropeptides in the arthritic TMJ and symptoms and signs from the stomatognathic system with special consideration to rheumatoid arthritis. J Orofac Pain 1995;9(3):215-25. (86) Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Kopp S, Lundeberg T, Theodorsson E. Substance P-associated increase of intra-articular temperature and pain threshold in the arthritic TMJ. J Orofac Pain 1998;12(2):101-7. (87) Archer DP, Roth SH. Acetazolamide and amiloride inhibit pentobarbital-induced facilitation of nocifensive reflexes. Anesthesiology 1999 April;90(4):1158-64. (88) Arrigo-Reina R, Chiechio S. Histaminergic mechanisms in clonidine induced analgesia in rat tail-flick test. Inflamm Res 1995 January;44(1):21-3. (89) Asada H, Yamaguchi Y, Tsunoda S, Fukuda Y. The role of spinal cord activation before neurectomy in the development of autotomy. Pain 1996 January;64(1):161-7. (90) Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Olesen J. Nitric oxide-induced headache in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Brain 2000 September;123 ( Pt 9):1830-7. (91) Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Sakai F, Olesen J. Possible mechanisms of glyceryl-trinitrate-induced immediate headache in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 2000 December;20(10):919-24. (92) Ayuso-Peralta L, de Andres C. [Symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis]. Rev Neurol 2002 December 16;35(12):1141-53. (93) Bacher H, Mischinger HJ, Werkgartner G et al. Local nitroglycerin for treatment of anal fissures: an alternative to lateral sphincterotomy? Dis Colon Rectum 1997 July;40(7):840-5. (94) Banic B, Petersen-Felix S, Andersen OK et al. Evidence for spinal cord hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury and in fibromyalgia. Pain 2004 January;107(1-2):7-15. (95) Bannwarth B, Berenbaum F. [New nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents: nitric oxide donors and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors]. Rev Med Interne 1999 August;20 Suppl 3:341s-5s. (96) Bao L, Jin SX, Zhang C et al. Activation of delta opioid receptors induces receptor insertion and neuropeptide secretion. Neuron 2003 January 9;37(1):121-33. (97) Baraniuk JN. Neurogenic mechanisms in rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2001 May;1(3):252-61. (98) Barber A, Harting J, Wolf HP. Antinociceptive effects of the 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin in rats: evidence for an activation of descending monoaminergic pathways in the spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 1989 April 24;99(1-2):234-8. (99) Barclay J, Patel S, Dorn G et al. Functional downregulation of P2X3 receptor subunit in rat sensory neurons reveals a significant role in chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain. J Neurosci 2002 September 15;22(18):8139-47. (100) Basbaum AI. Distinct neurochemical features of acute and persistent pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999 July 6;96(14):7739-43. (101) Basbaum AI. Spinal mechanisms of acute and persistent pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999 January;24(1):59-67. (102) Basile S, Khalil Z, Helme RD. Skin vascular reactivity to the neuropeptide substance P in rats with peripheral mononeuropathy. Pain 1993 February;52(2):217-22. (103) Beck E, Santillan O, Cecconi G, De Cicco A, Krasnov C. [Dobutamine stress test. Specificity and sensitivity of continuous ST-segment monitoring in 12 simultaneous standard ECG leads]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2002 June;55(6):616-21. (104) Beirith A, Santos AR, Calixto JB. Mechanisms underlying the nociception and paw oedema caused by injection of glutamate into the mouse paw. Brain Res 2002 January 11;924(2):219-28. (105) Beirith A, Santos AR, Calixto JB. The role of neuropeptides and capsaicin-sensitive fibres in glutamate-induced nociception and paw oedema in mice. Brain Res 2003 April 18;969(1-2):110-6. (106) Bellamy N, Sothern RB, Campbell J. Aspects of diurnal rhythmicity in pain, stiffness, and fatigue in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2004 February;31(2):379-89. (107) Bendtsen L. Central sensitization in tension-type headache--possible pathophysiological mechanisms. Cephalalgia 2000 June;20(5):486-508. (108) Benedetti F, Pollo A, Lopiano L, Lanotte M, Vighetti S, Rainero I. Conscious expectation and unconscious conditioning in analgesic, motor, and hormonal placebo/nocebo responses. J Neurosci 2003 May 15;23(10):4315-23. (109) Bengtsson A, Henriksson KG. The muscle in fibromyalgia--a review of Swedish studies. J Rheumatol Suppl 1989 November;19:144-9. (110) Bengtsson A, Henriksson KG. The muscle in fibromyalgia--a review of Swedish studies. J Rheumatol Suppl 1989 November;19:144-9. (111) Al Adawi S, Dawe GS, Bonner A, Stephenson JD, Zarei M. Central noradrenergic blockade prevents autotomy in rat: implication for pharmacological prevention of postdenervation pain syndrome. Brain Res Bull 2002 March 15;57(5):581-6. (112) Almay BG, Johansson F, Von Knorring L, Le Greves P, Terenius L. Substance P in CSF of patients with chronic pain syndromes. Pain 1988 April;33(1):3-9. (113) Cerda-Olmedo G, De Andres J, Moliner S. Management of progressive pain in a patient with intramedullary chordoma of the spine. Clin J Pain 2002 March;18(2):128-31. (114) Dey R, Khan S, Akhouri V, Wootton J, Bajwa ZH. Labetalol for prophylactic treatment of intractable migraine during pregnancy. Headache 2002 July;42(7):642-5. (115) Diener KM. Bisphosphonates for controlling pain from metastatic bone disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996 August 15;53(16):1917-27. (116) Friedrich MJ. Loss of nerve: a molecular approach to better treatment of chronic pain. JAMA 2000 January 12;283(2):187-8. (117) Fujiwara N, Shimoji K, Kumagai Y, Endoh H, Fukuda S. Effects of dorsal root entry zone lesions on CSF and plasma neuropeptides and catecholamines. Acta Neurochir (Wien ) 1992;117(1-2):38-43. (118) Harke H, Rosenow E, Tronnier V et al. [Standardization of invasive neuromodulatory procedures]. Schmerz 2003 January;17(1):44-9. (119) Haze JJ. Toward an understanding of the rationale for the use of dietary supplementation for chronic pain management: the serotonin model. Cranio 1991 October;9(4):339-43. (120) Klepstad P, Borchgrevink P, Hval B, Flaat S, Kaasa S. Long-term treatment with ketamine in a 12-year-old girl with severe neuropathic pain caused by a cervical spinal tumor. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001 December;23(9):616-9. (121) Krames E. Implantable devices for pain control: spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal therapies. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2002 December;16(4):619-49. (122) Lauretti GR, Lima IC, Reis MP, Prado WA, Pereira NL. Oral ketamine and transdermal nitroglycerin as analgesic adjuvants to oral morphine therapy for cancer pain management. Anesthesiology 1999 June;90(6):1528-33. (123) May A, Gamulescu MA, Bogdahn U, Lohmann CP. Intractable eye pain: indication for triptans. Cephalalgia 2002 April;22(3):195-6. (124) Noike T, Miyagawa S, Shimada R, Kawasaki S. Securing a small-caliber pancreatic duct for longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy. Hepatogastroenterology 2002 July;49(46):1139-40. (125) Noike T, Miyagawa S, Shimada R, Kawasaki S. Securing a small-caliber pancreatic duct for longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy. Hepatogastroenterology 2002 July;49(46):1139-40. (126) Ohmori S, Morimoto Y. Dihydroetorphine: a potent analgesic: pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical effects. CNS Drug Rev 2002;8(4):391-404. (127) Olgart L. [Breakthrough in pain research. Charting of the synaptic network may lead to new analgesics]. Nord Med 1998 January;113(1):6-12. (128) Omura Y. Treatment of acute or chronic severe, intractable pain and other intractable medical problems associated with unrecognized viral or bacterial infection: Part I. Acupunct Electrother Res 1990;15(1):51-69. (129) Perrot S, Guilbaud G. Pathophysiology of joint pain. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1996 July;63(7-8):485-92. (130) Stanley KJ. A patient with renal cell carcinoma, myoclonus, and unrelieved pain. Cancer Pract 2001 May;9(3):114-8. (131) Tseng HC, Wen YR, Chen JY et al. Long-term opioid treatment in Behcet's syndrome with intractable abdominal pain--a case report. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 2002 September;40(3):143-8. (132) Uchida K, Arita H, Hanaoka K. [Successful intravenous administration of low dose ketamine for pain caused by erythromelalgia: report of a case]. Masui 2002 November;51(11):1248-50. (133) Wong CS. Long-term opioid treatment: the role of pain facilitatory system. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 2002 September;40(3):105-7. (134) Wong CS, Chang YC, Yeh CC, Huang GS, Cherng CH. Loss of intrathecal morphine analgesia in terminal cancer patients is associated with high levels of excitatory amino acids in the CSF. Can J Anaesth 2002 June;49(6):561-5. (135) Wu JS, Huang ZJ, Zhou JF et al. [Expression and significance of substance P, neurofilament-H in glomus tumors with chronic pain]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2003 December;41(12):935-9. (136) Angel-Meza AR, Ramirez-Cortes L, Adame-Gonzalez IG, Gonzalez B, I, Beas-Zarate C. Cerebral GABA release and GAD activity in protein- and tryptophan-restricted rats during development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2002 February;20(1):47-54. (137) Angel-Meza AR, Ramirez-Cortes L, Adame-Gonzalez IG, Gonzalez B, I, Beas-Zarate C. Cerebral GABA release and GAD activity in protein- and tryptophan-restricted rats during development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2002 February;20(1):47-54. (138) Artola A, Singer W. Long-term potentiation and NMDA receptors in rat visual cortex. Nature 1987 December 17;330(6149):649-52. (139) Bandrowski AE, Moore SL, Ashe JH. Cholinergic synaptic potentials in the supragranular layers of auditory cortex. Synapse 2001 August;41(2):118-30. (140) Bellinger FP, Wilce PA, Bedi KS, Wilson P. Long-lasting synaptic modification in the rat hippocampus resulting from NMDA receptor blockade during development. Synapse 2002 February;43(2):95-101. (141) Bellingham MC, Berger AJ. Presynaptic depression of excitatory synaptic inputs to rat hypoglossal motoneurons by muscarinic M2 receptors. J Neurophysiol 1996 December;76(6):3758-70. (142) Belousov AB, O'Hara BF, Denisova JV. Acetylcholine becomes the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus in vitro in the absence of glutamate excitation. J Neurosci 2001 March 15;21(6):2015-27. (143) Belousov AB, Hunt ND, Raju RP, Denisova JV. Calcium-dependent regulation of cholinergic cell phenotype in the hypothalamus in vitro. J Neurophysiol 2002 September;88(3):1352-62. (144) Ben Ari Y. Cell death and synaptic reorganizations produced by seizures. Epilepsia 2001;42 Suppl 3:5-7. (145) Bonhaus DW, Perry WB, McNamara JO. Decreased density, but not number, of N-methyl-D-aspartate, glycine and phencyclidine binding sites in hippocampus of senescent rats. Brain Res 1990 November 5;532(1-2):82-6. (146) Buhler AV, Dunwiddie TV. alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on GABAergic interneurons evoke dendritic and somatic inhibition of hippocampal neurons. J Neurophysiol 2002 January;87(1):548-57. (147) Burnstock G. Potential therapeutic targets in the rapidly expanding field of purinergic signalling. Clin Med 2002 January;2(1):45-53. (148) Burnstock G. Potential therapeutic targets in the rapidly expanding field of purinergic signalling. Clin Med 2002 January;2(1):45-53. (149) Buzsaki G, Draguhn A. Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science 2004 June 25;304(5679):1926-9. (150) Cattaert D, Le Bon M, Le Ray D. Efferent controls in crustacean mechanoreceptors. Microsc Res Tech 2002 August 15;58(4):312-24. (151) Centonze D, Napolitano M, Saulle E et al. Tissue plasminogen activator is required for corticostriatal long-term potentiation. Eur J Neurosci 2002 August;16(4):713-21. (152) Centonze D, Napolitano M, Saulle E et al. Tissue plasminogen activator is required for corticostriatal long-term potentiation. Eur J Neurosci 2002 August;16(4):713-21. (153) Chen Y, Bourne J, Pieribone VA, Fitzsimonds RM. The role of actin in the regulation of dendritic spine morphology and bidirectional synaptic plasticity. Neuroreport 2004 April 9;15(5):829-32. (154) Chevaleyre V, Moos FC, Desarmenien MG. Interplay between presynaptic and postsynaptic activities is required for dendritic plasticity and synaptogenesis in the supraoptic nucleus. J Neurosci 2002 January 1;22(1):265-73. (155) Chiaia NL, Fish SE, Bauer WR et al. Effects of postnatal blockade of cortical activity with tetrodotoxin upon the development and plasticity of vibrissa-related patterns in the somatosensory cortex of hamsters. Somatosens Mot Res 1994;11(3):219-28. (156) Choi SY, Morales B, Lee HK, Kirkwood A. Absence of long-term depression in the visual cortex of glutamic Acid decarboxylase-65 knock-out mice. J Neurosci 2002 July 1;22(13):5271-6. (157) Chu Z, Hablitz JJ. GABA(B) receptor-mediated heterosynaptic depression of excitatory synaptic transmission in rat frontal neocortex. Brain Res 2003 January 3;959(1):39-49. (158) Corner MA, van Pelt J, Wolters PS, Baker RE, Nuytinck RH. Physiological effects of sustained blockade of excitatory synaptic transmission on spontaneously active developing neuronal networks--an inquiry into the reciprocal linkage between intrinsic biorhythms and neuroplasticity in early ontogeny. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002 March;26(2):127-85. (159) Dani JA. Overview of nicotinic receptors and their roles in the central nervous system. Biol Psychiatry 2001 February 1;49(3):166-74. (160) Daw MI, Bortolotto ZA, Saulle E, Zaman S, Collingridge GL, Isaac JT. Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase regulates synapse specificity of hippocampal long-term depression. Nat Neurosci 2002 September;5(9):835-6. (161) Derjean D, Bertrand S, Le Masson G, Landry M, Morisset V, Nagy F. Dynamic balance of metabotropic inputs causes dorsal horn neurons to switch functional states. Nat Neurosci 2003 March;6(3):274-81. (162) Diana MA, Levenes C, Mackie K, Marty A. Short-term retrograde inhibition of GABAergic synaptic currents in rat Purkinje cells is mediated by endogenous cannabinoids. J Neurosci 2002 January 1;22(1):200-8. (163) Diana MA, Levenes C, Mackie K, Marty A. Short-term retrograde inhibition of GABAergic synaptic currents in rat Purkinje cells is mediated by endogenous cannabinoids. J Neurosci 2002 January 1;22(1):200-8. (164) Dickenson AH. Plasticity: implications for opioid and other pharmacological interventions in specific pain states. Behav Brain Sci 1997 September;20(3):392-403. (165) Duguid IC, Smart TG. Retrograde activation of presynaptic NMDA receptors enhances GABA release at cerebellar interneuron-Purkinje cell synapses. Nat Neurosci 2004 May;7(5):525-33. (166) Dvorak-Carbone H, Schuman EM. Long-term depression of temporoammonic-CA1 hippocampal synaptic transmission. J Neurophysiol 1999 March;81(3):1036-44. (167) Endepols H, Jungnickel J, Braun K. Physiological and morphological characterization of organotypic cocultures of the chick forebrain area MNH and its main input area DMA/DMP. Neural Plast 2001;8(4):219-40. (168) Endepols H, Jungnickel J, Braun K. Physiological and morphological characterization of organotypic cocultures of the chick forebrain area MNH and its main input area DMA/DMP. Neural Plast 2001;8(4):219-40. (169) Esteban JA, Shi SH, Wilson C, Nuriya M, Huganir RL, Malinow R. PKA phosphorylation of AMPA receptor subunits controls synaptic trafficking underlying plasticity. Nat Neurosci 2003 February;6(2):136-43. (170) Fagiolini M, Fritschy JM, Low K, Mohler H, Rudolph U, Hensch TK. Specific GABAA circuits for visual cortical plasticity. Science 2004 March 12;303(5664):1681-3. (171) Feldman DE, Brainard MS, Knudsen EI. Newly learned auditory responses mediated by NMDA receptors in the owl inferior colliculus. Science 1996 January 26;271(5248):525-8. (172) Feldman DE, Knudsen EI. NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors in auditory transmission in the barn owl inferior colliculus. J Neurosci 1994 October;14(10):5939-58. (173) Fendt M. Injections of the NMDA receptor antagonist aminophosphonopentanoic acid into the lateral nucleus of the amygdala block the expression of fear-potentiated startle and freezing. J Neurosci 2001 June 1;21(11):4111-5. (174) Ferster D. Neuroscience. Blocking plasticity in the visual cortex. Science 2004 March 12;303(5664):1619-21. (175) Fitzpatrick JS, Baudry M. Blockade of long-term depression in neonatal hippocampal slices by a phospholipase A2 inhibitor. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1994 March 18;78(1):81-6. (176) Giardino L, Zanni M, Fernandez M, Battaglia A, Pignataro O, Calza L. Plasticity of GABA(a) system during ageing: focus on vestibular compensation and possible pharmacological intervention. Brain Res 2002 March 1;929(1):76-86. (177) Giardino L, Zanni M, Fernandez M, Battaglia A, Pignataro O, Calza L. Plasticity of GABA(a) system during ageing: focus on vestibular compensation and possible pharmacological intervention. Brain Res 2002 March 1;929(1):76-86. (178) Grabauskas G, Bradley RM. Postnatal development of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract. J Neurophysiol 2001 May;85(5):2203-12. (179) Grabauskas G, Bradley RM. Postnatal development of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract. J Neurophysiol 2001 May;85(5):2203-12. (180) Gu Q. Neuromodulatory transmitter systems in the cortex and their role in cortical plasticity. Neuroscience 2002;111(4):815-35. (181) Harsanyi K, Friedlander MJ. Transient synaptic potentiation in the visual cortex. I. Cellular mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 1997 March;77(3):1269-83. (182) Hartmann J, Blum R, Kovalchuk Y et al. Distinct roles of Galpha(q) and Galpha11 for Purkinje cell signaling and motor behavior. J Neurosci 2004 June 2;24(22):5119-30. (183) Herrero JF, Laird JM, Lopez-Garcia JA. Wind-up of spinal cord neurones and pain sensation: much ado about something? Prog Neurobiol 2000 June;61(2):169-203. (184) Hirono M, Yoshioka T, Konishi S. GABA(B) receptor activation enhances mGluR-mediated responses at cerebellar excitatory synapses. Nat Neurosci 2001 December;4(12):1207-16. (185) Huang CC, Hsu KS. Reexamination of the role of hyperpolarization-activated cation channels in short- and long-term plasticity at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. Neuropharmacology 2003 June;44(7):968-81. (186) Daly L. The physiology of pain. Aust Nurs J 1999 September;7(3):suppl-3. (187) Di M, V, Blumberg PM, Szallasi A. Endovanilloid signaling in pain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2002 August;12(4):372-9. (188) Harding SM. Sleep in fibromyalgia patients: subjective and objective findings. Am J Med Sci 1998 June;315(6):367-76. (189) Massotte D, Kieffer BL. A molecular basis for opiate action. Essays Biochem 1998;33:65-77. (190) McEwen BS. Plasticity of the hippocampus: adaptation to chronic stress and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 March;933:265-77. (191) Molderings GJ. [Physiologic and therapeutic importance of serotonin and the serotonergic system]. Arzneimittelforschung 2002;52(3):145-54. (192) Russell IJ. Advances in fibromyalgia: possible role for central neurochemicals. Am J Med Sci 1998 June;315(6):377-84. (193) Aghabeigi B. The pathophysiology of pain. Br Dent J 1992 August 8;173(3):91-7. (194) Anderberg UM, Uvnas-Moberg K. Plasma oxytocin levels in female fibromyalgia syndrome patients. Z Rheumatol 2000 December;59(6):373-9. (195) Brown CR. Pain management. Psychologic aspects of pain. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1997 March;9(2):178. (196) Carr DB, Lipkowski AW. Neuropeptides and pain. Agressologie 1990 April;31(4):173-7. (197) Clauw DJ. The pathogenesis of chronic pain and fatigue syndromes, with special reference to fibromyalgia. Med Hypotheses 1995 May;44(5):369-78. (198) Conlay LA, Zeisel SH. Neurotransmitter precursors and brain function. Neurosurgery 1982 April;10(4):524-9. (199) Dixit RK, Bhargava VK. Neurotransmitter mechanisms in gabapentin antinociception. Pharmacology 2002 August;65(4):198-203. (200) Eguiagaray JG, Egea J, Bravo-Cordero JJ, Garcia AG. [Neurotransmitters, calcium signalling and neuronal communication]. Neurocirugia (Astur ) 2004 April;15(2):109-18. (201) Furst S. Transmitters involved in antinociception in the spinal cord. Brain Res Bull 1999 January 15;48(2):129-41. (202) Garcia-Lopez MJ, Martinez-Martos JM, Mayas MD, Carrera MP, Exposito MJ. [Physiology of the neuropeptides]. Rev Neurol 2002 October 16;35(8):784-93. (203) Herpfer I, Lieb K. Substance P and Substance P receptor antagonists in the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 2003 April;4(2):56-63. (204) Houvenagel E. Mechanisms of pain in fibromyalgia. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1999 February;66(2):97-101. (205) Hsu MM, Chou YY, Chang YC, Chou TC, Wong CS. An analysis of excitatory amino acids, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 in the cerebrospinal fluid of pregnant women: the effect on labor pain. Anesth Analg 2001 November;93(5):1293-6. (206) Kahn CH, Warfield CA. The role of neurotransmitters in processing painful stimuli. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1989 January 15;24(1):165, 169-5, 170. (207) Kranzler JD, Gendreau JF, Rao SG. The psychopharmacology of fibromyalgia: a drug development perspective. Psychopharmacol Bull 2002;36(1):165-213. (208) Lawson K. Tricyclic antidepressants and fibromyalgia: what is the mechanism of action? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2002 October;11(10):1437-45. (209) Lieb K, Treffurth Y, Berger M, Fiebich BL. Substance P and affective disorders: new treatment opportunities by neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists? Neuropsychobiology 2002;45 Suppl 1:2-6. (210) Linderoth B, Stiller CO, O'Connor WT, Hammarstrom G, Ungerstedt U, Brodin E. An animal model for the study of brain transmittor release in response to spinal cord stimulation in the awake, freely moving rat: preliminary results from the periaqueductal grey matter. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien ) 1993;58:156-60. (211) Linderoth B, Stiller CO, Gunasekera L et al. Release of neurotransmitters in the CNS by spinal cord stimulation: survey of present state of knowledge and recent experimental studies. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1993;61(4):157-70. (212) Meller ST, Gebhart GF. Nitric oxide (NO) and nociceptive processing in the spinal cord. Pain 1993 February;52(2):127-36. (213) Mertz H. Review article: visceral hypersensitivity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003 March 1;17(5):623-33. (214) Neeck G. Pathogenic mechanisms of fibromyalgia. Ageing Res Rev 2002 April;1(2):243-55. (215) Nishimura M, Segami N, Kaneyama K, Suzuki T, Miyamaru M. Relationships between pain-related mediators and both synovitis and joint pain in patients with internal derangements and osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002 September;94(3):328-32. (216) Oliverio A, Castellano C, Puglisi-Allegra S. Psychobiology of opioids. Int Rev Neurobiol 1984;25:277-337. (217) Ren K, Dubner R. Central nervous system plasticity and persistent pain. J Orofac Pain 1999;13(3):155-63. (218) Schadrack J, Zieglgansberger W. Pharmacology of pain processing systems. Z Rheumatol 1998;57 Suppl 2:1-4. (219) Sorkin LS, Wallace MS. Acute pain mechanisms. Surg Clin North Am 1999 April;79(2):213-29. (220) Szulczyk P, Rola R, Szulczyk B, Witkowski G. [Nociceptive neurons]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw 2002;56(3):361-75. (221) Willis WD. Role of neurotransmitters in sensitization of pain responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 March;933:142-56. (222) Aley KO, Levine JD. Role of protein kinase A in the maintenance of inflammatory pain. J Neurosci 1999 March 15;19(6):2181-6. (223) Bach-Rojecky L. Analgesic effect of caffeine and clomipramine: a possible interaction between adenosine and serotonin systems. Acta Pharm 2003 March;53(1):33-9. (224) Baillie JK, Power I. The mechanism of action of gabapentin in neuropathic pain. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2006 January;7(1):33-9. (225) Batmanghelidj F. Pain: a need for paradigm change. Anticancer Res 1987 September;7(5B):971-89. (226) Celada P, Puig MV, Casanovas JM, Guillazo G, Artigas F. Control of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons by the medial prefrontal cortex: Involvement of serotonin-1A, GABA(A), and glutamate receptors. J Neurosci 2001 December 15;21(24):9917-29. (227) ciga-Campos M, az-Reval MI, Ventura-Martinez R, Lopez-Munoz FJ. Participation of the serotonin system in rofecoxib-induced antinociception. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2004;47:100-2. (228) Conlay LA, Zeisel SH. Neurotransmitter precursors and brain function. Neurosurgery 1982 April;10(4):524-9. (229) Crofford LJ. Pharmaceutical treatment options for fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2004 August;6(4):274-80. (230) Farber L, Haus U, Spath M, Drechsler S. Physiology and pathophysiology of the 5-HT3 receptor. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2004;(119):2-8. (231) Fernstrom JD. Effects on the diet on brain neurotransmitters. Metabolism 1977 February;26(2):207-23. (232) Furst S. Transmitters involved in antinociception in the spinal cord. Brain Res Bull 1999 January 15;48(2):129-41. (233) Graeff FG, Brandao ML, Audi EA, Schutz MT. Modulation of the brain aversive system by GABAergic and serotonergic mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 1986 November;22(2):173-80. (234) Heiss WD, Herholz K. Brain receptor imaging. J Nucl Med 2006 February;47(2):302-12. (235) Kantak KM, Hegstrand LR, Whitman J, Eichelman B. Effects of dietary supplements and a tryptophan-free diet on aggressive behavior in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980 February;12(2):173-9. (236) Karlsten R, Gordh T. How do drugs relieve neurogenic pain? Drugs Aging 1997 November;11(5):398-412. (237) McCleane G. Pharmacological management of neuropathic pain. CNS Drugs 2003;17(14):1031-43. (238) Oliverio A, Castellano C, Puglisi-Allegra S. Psychobiology of opioids. Int Rev Neurobiol 1984;25:277-337. (239) Russell IJ, Michalek JE, Vipraio GA, Fletcher EM, Wall K. Serum amino acids in fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol Suppl 1989 November;19:158-63. (240) Sawynok J, Reid A. Interactions of descending serotonergic systems with other neurotransmitters in the modulation of nociception. Behav Brain Res 1996;73(1-2):63-8. (241) Schwarz MJ, Offenbaecher M, Neumeister A et al. Evidence for an altered tryptophan metabolism in fibromyalgia. Neurobiol Dis 2002 December;11(3):434-42. (242) Taylor CP, Gee NS, Su TZ et al. A summary of mechanistic hypotheses of gabapentin pharmacology. Epilepsy Res 1998 February;29(3):233-49. (243) Wilson PR, Yaksh TL. Pharmacology of pain and analgesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 1980 August;8(3):248-56. (244) Zeisel SH. Dietary influences on neurotransmission. Adv Pediatr 1986;33:23-47. (245) Albert J. Effective systemic blockade of endogenous nitric oxide production results in moderate hypertension, reduced sympathetic activity and shortened bleeding time in healthy volunteers. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 1997;110:159-60. (246) Anbar M, Gratt BM. Role of nitric oxide in the physiopathology of pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997 October;14(4):225-54. (247) Budzinski M, Misterek K, Gumulka W, Dorociak A. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase in persistent pain. Life Sci 2000;66(4):301-5. (248) Danilova EI, Grafova VN, Kukushkin ML, Zinkevich VA. [L-Arginine effects during central spinal pain syndrome]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1999 February;127(2):160-3. (249) Dickenson AH. NMDA receptor antagonists: interactions with opioids. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997 January;41(1 Pt 2):112-5. (250) Dixit RK, Bhargava VK. Neurotransmitter mechanisms in gabapentin antinociception. Pharmacology 2002 August;65(4):198-203. (251) Eguiagaray JG, Egea J, Bravo-Cordero JJ, Garcia AG. [Neurotransmitters, calcium signalling and neuronal communication]. Neurocirugia (Astur ) 2004 April;15(2):109-18. (252) Furst DE, Manning DC. Future directions in pain management. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001 November;19(6 Suppl 25):S71-S76. (253) Gordh T, Karlsten R, Kristensen J. Intervention with spinal NMDA, adenosine, and NO systems for pain modulation. Ann Med 1995 April;27(2):229-34. (254) Gordh T, Jr. The role of nitric oxide in neuropathic pain and neurodegeneration. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 1998;113:29-30. (255) Karlsten R, Gordh T. How do drugs relieve neurogenic pain? Drugs Aging 1997 November;11(5):398-412. (256) Mixcoatl-Zecuatl T, Flores-Murrieta FJ, Granados-Soto V. The nitric oxide-cyclic GMP-protein kinase G-K+ channel pathway participates in the antiallodynic effect of spinal gabapentin. Eur J Pharmacol 2006 February 15;531(1-3):87-95. (257) Nakamura A, Fujita M, Shiomi H. Involvement of endogenous nitric oxide in the mechanism of bradykinin-induced peripheral hyperalgesia. Br J Pharmacol 1996 February;117(3):407-12. (258) Polgar E, Shehab SA, Watt C, Todd AJ. GABAergic neurons that contain neuropeptide Y selectively target cells with the neurokinin 1 receptor in laminae III and IV of the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 1999 April 1;19(7):2637-46. (259) Wu WP, Hao JX, Ongini E et al. A nitric oxide (NO)-releasing derivative of gabapentin, NCX 8001, alleviates neuropathic pain-like behavior after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury. Br J Pharmacol 2004 January;141(1):65-74. (260) Yeo JF. Does nitric oxide play a role in orofacial pain transmission? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002 May;962:151-60. (261) Bartfai T, Hokfelt T, Langel U. Galanin--a neuroendocrine peptide. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1993;7(3-4):229-74. (262) Biagioni S, Tata AM, Agrati C, Cianfarani F, ugusti-Tocco G. Modulation of cholinergic marker expression by nerve growth factor in dorsal root ganglia. J Neurosci Res 2000 November 15;62(4):591-9. (263) Botticelli LJ, Lytle LD, Wurtman RJ. Choline-induced attenuation of morphine analgesia in the rat. Commun Psychopharmacol 1977;1(6):519-23. (264) Chen SR, Pan HL. Spinal GABAB receptors mediate antinociceptive actions of cholinergic agents in normal and diabetic rats. Brain Res 2003 March 7;965(1-2):67-74. (265) Coimbra NC, Castro-Souza C, Segato EN et al. Post-ictal analgesia: involvement of opioid, serotoninergic and cholinergic mechanisms. Brain Res 2001 January 12;888(2):314-20. (266) Conlay LA, Zeisel SH. Neurotransmitter precursors and brain function. Neurosurgery 1982 April;10(4):524-9. (267) Fernstrom JD. Effects on the diet on brain neurotransmitters. Metabolism 1977 February;26(2):207-23. (268) Juan H. Nicotinic nociceptors on perivascular sensory nerve endings. Pain 1982 March;12(3):259-64. (269) Kharkevich DA, Churukanov VV. Pharmacological regulation of descending cortical control of the nociceptive processing. Eur J Pharmacol 1999 June 30;375(1-3):121-31. (270) Khayutin VM, Baraz LA, Lukoshkova EV, Sonina RS, Chernilovskaya PE. Chemosensitive spinal afferents: thresholds of specific and nociceptive reflexes as compared with thresholds of excitation for receptors and axons. Prog Brain Res 1976;43:293-306. (271) Li DP, Chen SR, Pan YZ, Levey AI, Pan HL. Role of presynaptic muscarinic and GABA(B) receptors in spinal glutamate release and cholinergic analgesia in rats. J Physiol 2002 September 15;543(Pt 3):807-18. (272) Nakamura A, Suzuki Y, Umegaki H et al. Dietary restriction of choline reduces hippocampal acetylcholine release in rats: in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res Bull 2001 December;56(6):593-7. (273) Post RM. Time course of clinical effects of carbamazepine: implications for mechanisms of action. J Clin Psychiatry 1988 April;49 Suppl:35-48. (274) Romano JA, Shih TM. Cholinergic mechanisms of analgesia produced by physostigmine, morphine and cold water swimming. Neuropharmacology 1983 July;22(7):827-33. (275) Smith MD, Yang XH, Nha JY, Buccafusco JJ. Antinociceptive effect of spinal cholinergic stimulation: interaction with substance P. Life Sci 1989;45(14):1255-61. (276) Sutherland SP, Cook SP, McCleskey EW. Chemical mediators of pain due to tissue damage and ischemia. Prog Brain Res 2000;129:21-38. (277) Tanelian DL. Cholinergic activation of a population of corneal afferent nerves. Exp Brain Res 1991;86(2):414-20. (278) Aley KO, Kulkarni SK. GABAergic agents-induced antinociceptive effect in mice. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1989 October;11(10):597-601. (279) Ashton H, Young AH. GABA-ergic drugs: exit stage left, enter stage right. J Psychopharmacol 2003 June;17(2):174-8. (280) Buckett WR. The role of GABA in analgesia and drug dependence. Rev Pure Appl Pharmacol Sci 1981 April;2(2):115-41. (281) Budai D, Fields HL. Endogenous opioid peptides acting at mu-opioid receptors in the dorsal horn contribute to midbrain modulation of spinal nociceptive neurons. J Neurophysiol 1998 February;79(2):677-87. (282) Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. The neurochemistry of central pain: evidence from clinical studies, hypothesis and therapeutic implications. Pain 1998 February;74(2-3):109-14. (283) Casey KL. Pain and disorders of consciousness. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 1993 April;6(2):217-22. (284) Cheng JK, Lee SZ, Yang JR et al. Does gabapentin act as an agonist at native GABA(B) receptors? J Biomed Sci 2004 May;11(3):346-55. (285) Chiang CY, Kwan CL, Hu JW, Sessle BJ. Effects of GABA receptor antagonist on trigeminal caudalis nociceptive neurons in normal and neonatally capsaicin-treated rats. J Neurophysiol 1999 November;82(5):2154-62. (286) Danilova EI, Grafova VN, Kukushkin ML, Zinkevich VA. [L-Arginine effects during central spinal pain syndrome]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1999 February;127(2):160-3. (287) Davis KM, Wu JY. Role of glutamatergic and GABAergic systems in alcoholism. J Biomed Sci 2001 January;8(1):7-19. (288) Ackley MA, Baldwin SA, King AE. Adenosine contributes to mu-opioid synaptic inhibition in rat substantia gelatinosa in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2005 March 11;376(2):102-6. (289) Bhat GK, Mahesh VB, Ping L, Chorich L, Wiedmeier VT, Brann DW. Opioid-glutamate-nitric oxide connection in the regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 1998 March;139(3):955-60. (290) Blunk JA, Schmelz M, Zeck S, Skov P, Likar R, Koppert W. Opioid-induced mast cell activation and vascular responses is not mediated by mu-opioid receptors: an in vivo microdialysis study in human skin. Anesth Analg 2004 February;98(2):364-70, table. (291) Borghi V, Przewlocka B, Labuz D, Maj M, Ilona O, Pavone F. Formalin-induced pain and mu-opioid receptor density in brain and spinal cord are modulated by A1 and A2a adenosine agonists in mice. Brain Res 2002 November 29;956(2):339-48. (292) Celver J, Xu M, Jin W, Lowe J, Chavkin C. Distinct domains of the mu-opioid receptor control uncoupling and internalization. Mol Pharmacol 2004 March;65(3):528-37. (293) Citterio F, Corradini L, Smith RD, Bertorelli R. Nociceptin attenuates opioid and gamma-aminobutyric acid(B) receptor-mediated analgesia in the mouse tail-flick assay. Neurosci Lett 2000 October 6;292(2):83-6. (294) Coimbra NC, Freitas RL, Savoldi M et al. Opioid neurotransmission in the post-ictal analgesia: involvement of mu(1)-opioid receptor. Brain Res 2001 June 8;903(1-2):216-21. (295) Dickenson AH. NMDA receptor antagonists: interactions with opioids. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997 January;41(1 Pt 2):112-5. (296) Elliott K, Kest B, Man A, Kao B, Inturrisi CE. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, mu and kappa opioid tolerance, and perspectives on new analgesic drug development. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995 December;13(4):347-56. (297) Hansen HC. Treatment of chronic pain with antiepileptic drugs: a new era. South Med J 1999 July;92(7):642-9. (298) Huo FQ, Wang J, Li YQ, Chen T, Han F, Tang JS. GABAergic neurons express mu-opioid receptors in the ventrolateral orbital cortex of the rat. Neurosci Lett 2005 July 15;382(3):265-8. (299) Hwang JH, Hwang GS, Cho SK, Han SM. Morphine can enhance the antiallodynic effect of intrathecal R-PIA in rats with nerve ligation injury. Anesth Analg 2005 February;100(2):461-8. (300) Jurna I. Pain-depressing agents and the spinal nociceptive system. Arzneimittelforschung 1984;34(9A):1084-8. (301) Leite-Panissi CR, Brentegani MR, Menescal-de-Oliveira L. Cholinergic-opioidergic interaction in the central amygdala induces antinociception in the guinea pig. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004 October;37(10):1571-9. (302) Levine RL. Pharmacology of intravenous sedatives and opioids in critically ill patients. Crit Care Clin 1994 October;10(4):709-31. (303) Li Y, Eitan S, Wu J et al. Morphine induces desensitization of insulin receptor signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2003 September;23(17):6255-66. (304) Mao J. NMDA and opioid receptors: their interactions in antinociception, tolerance and neuroplasticity. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1999 November;30(3):289-304. (305) Moran TD, Colmers WF, Smith PA. Opioid-like actions of neuropeptide Y in rat substantia gelatinosa: Y1 suppression of inhibition and Y2 suppression of excitation. J Neurophysiol 2004 December;92(6):3266-75. (306) Sato T, Sakurada S, Sakurada T, Kisara K, Suzuki K. Comparison of opioid properties between D-Arg-containing dipeptides and tetrapeptides. Biochem Pharmacol 1992 February 18;43(4):717-23. (307) Serrano MI, Serrano JS, Fernandez A, Asadi I, Serrano-Martino MC. GABA(B) receptors and opioid mechanisms involved in homotaurine-induced analgesia. Gen Pharmacol 1998 March;30(3):411-5. (308) Aanonsen LM, Kajander KC, Bennett GJ, Seybold VS. Autoradiographic analysis of 125I-substance P binding in rat spinal cord following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Brain Res 1992 November 20;596(1-2):259-68. (309) Abbadie C, Brown JL, Mantyh PW, Basbaum AI. Spinal cord substance P receptor immunoreactivity increases in both inflammatory and nerve injury models of persistent pain. Neuroscience 1996 January;70(1):201-9. (310) Aghabeigi B. The pathophysiology of pain. Br Dent J 1992 August 8;173(3):91-7. (311) Alpar EK, Onuoha G, Killampalli VV, Waters R. Management of chronic pain in whiplash injury. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002 August;84(6):807-11. (312) Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Ekman R, Olesen J. Plasma levels of substance P, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Pain 1999 December;83(3):541-7. (313) Awawdeh L, Lundy FT, Shaw C, Lamey PJ, Linden GJ, Kennedy JG. Quantitative analysis of substance P, neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide in pulp tissue from painful and healthy human teeth. Int Endod J 2002 January;35(1):30-6. (314) Beaman DN, Graziano GP, Glover RA, Wojtys EM, Chang V. Substance P innervation of lumbar spine facet joints. Spine 1993 June 15;18(8):1044-9. (315) Bernstein JE. Capsaicin and substance P. Clin Dermatol 1991 October;9(4):497-503. (316) Chang HM, Wang L, Zhang XP, Kream RM, Yeh ET. Modulation of Substance P Release in Primary Sensory Neurons by Misoprostol and Prostaglandins. Am J Ther 1996 April;3(4):276-9. (317) De Koninck Y, Henry JL. Substance P-mediated slow excitatory postsynaptic potential elicited in dorsal horn neurons in vivo by noxious stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991 December 15;88(24):11344-8. (318) De Koninck Y, Salter MW, Henry JL. Substance P released endogenously by high-intensity sensory stimulation potentiates purinergic inhibition of nociceptive dorsal horn neurons induced by peripheral vibration. Neurosci Lett 1994 July 18;176(1):128-32. (319) DeLeo JA, Coombs DW. Autotomy and decreased spinal substance P following peripheral cryogenic nerve lesion. Cryobiology 1991 October;28(5):460-6. (320) DeVane CL. Substance P: a new era, a new role. Pharmacotherapy 2001 September;21(9):1061-9. (321) Dreyer J, Hirlinger D, Muller-Esterl W, Oess S, Kuner R. Spinal upregulation of the nitric oxide synthase-interacting protein NOSIP in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Neurosci Lett 2003 October 16;350(1):13-6. (322) Duggan AW, Morton CR, Zhao ZQ, Hendry IA. Noxious heating of the skin releases immunoreactive substance P in the substantia gelatinosa of the cat: a study with antibody microprobes. Brain Res 1987 February 17;403(2):345-9. (323) Eide PK, Hole K. Subsensitivity of serotonin and substance P receptors involved in nociception after repeated administration of a serotonin receptor agonist. J Neural Transm 1989;77(1):1-10. (324) Fras C, Kravetz P, Mody DR, Heggeness MH. Substance P-containing nerves within the human vertebral body. an immunohistochemical study of the basivertebral nerve. Spine J 2003 January;3(1):63-7. (325) Frenk H, Bossut D, Mayer DJ. Is substance P a primary afferent neurotransmitter for nociceptive input? III. Valproic acid and chlordiazepoxide decrease behaviors elicited by intrathecal injection of substance P and excitatory compounds. Brain Res 1988 July 12;455(2):240-6. (326) Gaspardone A, Crea F, Tomai F et al. Substance P potentiates the algogenic effects of intraarterial infusion of adenosine. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994 August;24(2):477-82. (327) Goettl VM, Xu XJ, Larson AA, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. Substance P N-terminus inhibits C-fiber-dependent facilitation of the rat flexor reflex. Eur J Pharmacol 1994 June 23;259(1):83-6. (328) Guo TZ, Offley SC, Boyd EA, Jacobs CR, Kingery WS. Substance P signaling contributes to the vascular and nociceptive abnormalities observed in a tibial fracture rat model of complex regional pain syndrome type I. Pain 2004 March;108(1-2):95-107. (329) Harrison S, Geppetti P. Substance p. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001 June;33(6):555-76. (330) Henry JL. Substance P and inflammatory pain: potential of substance P antagonists as analgesics. Agents Actions Suppl 1993;41:75-87. (331) Higa T, Wood G, Desiderio DM. Substance P-like immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid. Int J Pept Protein Res 1989 June;33(6):446-51. (332) Hill RG. Substance P, opioid, and catecholamine systems in the mouse central nervous system (CNS). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 January 22;99(2):549-51. (333) Hunt SP. Pain control: breaking the circuit. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2000 August;21(8):284-7. (334) Iversen L. Substance P equals pain substance? Nature 1998 March 26;392(6674):334-5. (335) Kellstein DE, Price DD, Hayes RL, Mayer DJ. Evidence that substance P selectively modulates C-fiber-evoked discharges of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons. Brain Res 1990 September 3;526(2):291-8. (336) Khasabov SG, Rogers SD, Ghilardi JR, Peters CM, Mantyh PW, Simone DA. Spinal neurons that possess the substance P receptor are required for the development of central sensitization. J Neurosci 2002 October 15;22(20):9086-98. (337) Molina E. Substance P in chronic pain. Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense 1991;62(3-4):111-6. (338) Nakamura-Craig M, Smith TW. Substance P and peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia. Pain 1989 July;38(1):91-8. (339) Oliver KR, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Hill RG. From basic research on neuropeptide receptors to clinical benefit. Drug News Perspect 2000 November;13(9):530-42. (340) Otsuka M, Yanagisawa M. Pain and neurotransmitters. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1990 September;10(3):293-302. (341) Paice JA. Unraveling the mystery of pain. Oncol Nurs Forum 1991 July;18(5):843-9. (342) Russell IJ. Advances in fibromyalgia: possible role for central neurochemicals. Am J Med Sci 1998 June;315(6):377-84. (343) Sawaguchi T, Ozawa Y, Patricia F et al. Substance P in the midbrains of SIDS victims and its correlation with sleep apnea. Early Hum Dev 2003 December;75 Suppl:S51-S59. (344) Snijdelaar DG, Dirksen R, Slappendel R, Crul BJ. Substance P. Eur J Pain 2000;4(2):121-35. (345) Wu ZZ, Guan BC, Li ZW, Yang Q, Liu CJ, Chen JG. Sustained potentiation by substance P of NMDA-activated current in rat primary sensory neurons. Brain Res 2004 June 4;1010(1-2):117-26. (346) Ashton IK, Walsh DA, Polak JM, Eisenstein SM. Substance P in intervertebral discs. Binding sites on vascular endothelium of the human annulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand 1994 December;65(6):635-9. (347) Coudore-Civiale M, Courteix C, Boucher M, Fialip J, Eschalier A. Evidence for an involvement of tachykinins in allodynia in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2000 July 28;401(1):47-53. (348) Couture R, Escher E, Regoli D. Effects of substance P analogues in the rat tail-flick test. Eur J Pharmacol 1987 February 24;134(3):355-9. (349) Culman J, Unger T. Central tachykinins: mediators of defence reaction and stress reactions. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1995 July;73(7):885-91. (350) Gether U, Johansen TE, Snider RM, Lowe JA, III, Nakanishi S, Schwartz TW. Different binding epitopes on the NK1 receptor for substance P and non-peptide antagonist. Nature 1993 March 25;362(6418):345-8. (351) Greaves MW, Wall PD. Pathophysiology of itching. Lancet 1996 October 5;348(9032):938-40. (352) Hirai T, Jones EG. Distribution of tachykinin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers in the human thalamus. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1989 January;14(1):35-52. (353) Holzer P, Holzer-Petsche U. Tachykinin receptors in the gut: physiological and pathological implications. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2001 December;1(6):583-90. (354) Iversen L. Substance P equals pain substance? Nature 1998 March 26;392(6674):334-5. (355) Julia V, Morteau O, Bueno L. Involvement of neurokinin 1 and 2 receptors in viscerosensitive response to rectal distension in rats. Gastroenterology 1994 July;107(1):94-102. (356) Marvizon JC, McRoberts JA, Ennes HS et al. Two N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat dorsal root ganglia with different subunit composition and localization. J Comp Neurol 2002 May 13;446(4):325-41. (357) Naukam RJ, Parris WC, Kambam JR, Kruskal JB. The effects of neurokinin A, neurokinin B, and eledoisin on substance P analysis. J Clin Monit 1991 April;7(2):181-5. (358) Patacchini R, Maggi CA. Tachykinin receptors and receptor subtypes. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1995 January;329(1):161-84. (359) Suzuki H. [Tachykininergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system]. J Nippon Med Sch 2002 August;69(4):322-7. (360) Velazquez RA, McCarson KE, Cai Y et al. Upregulation of neurokinin-1 receptor expression in rat spinal cord by an N-terminal metabolite of substance P. Eur J Neurosci 2002 July;16(2):229-41. (361) Abdollahi M, Nikfar S, Abdoli N. Potentiation by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and calcium channel blocker of aspartame-induced antinociception in the mouse formalin test. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2001 April;15(2):117-23. (362) Afrah AW, Stiller CO, Olgart L, Brodin E, Gustafsson H. Involvement of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in capsaicin-induced in vivo release of substance P in the rat dorsal horn. Neurosci Lett 2001 December;316(2):83-6. (363) Begon S, Pickering G, Eschalier A, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y, Dubray C. Role of spinal NMDA receptors, protein kinase C and nitric oxide synthase in the hyperalgesia induced by magnesium deficiency in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2001 November;134(6):1227-36. (364) Ben David B. NMDA receptor blockade: from the laboratory to clinical application. Anesth Analg 2000 October;91(4):1042-3. (365) Benoliel R, Tanaka M, Caudle RM, Iadarola MJ. Co-localization of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and substance P (neurokinin-1) receptors in rat spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2000 September 15;291(2):61-4. (366) Bereiter DA, Bereiter DF. Morphine and NMDA receptor antagonism reduce c-fos expression in spinal trigeminal nucleus produced by acute injury to the TMJ region. Pain 2000 March;85(1-2):65-77. (367) Celerier E, Laulin J, Larcher A, Le Moal M, Simonnet G. Evidence for opiate-activated NMDA processes masking opiate analgesia in rats. Brain Res 1999 November 13;847(1):18-25. (368) Dickenson AH, Matthews EA, Suzuki R. Neurobiology of neuropathic pain: mode of action of anticonvulsants. Eur J Pain 2002;6 Suppl A:51-60. (369) Dickenson AH. NMDA receptor antagonists: interactions with opioids. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997 January;41(1 Pt 2):112-5. (370) Elliott K, Kest B, Man A, Kao B, Inturrisi CE. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, mu and kappa opioid tolerance, and perspectives on new analgesic drug development. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995 December;13(4):347-56. (371) Felsby S, Nielsen J, Arendt-Nielsen L, Jensen TS. NMDA receptor blockade in chronic neuropathic pain: a comparison of ketamine and magnesium chloride. Pain 1996 February;64(2):283-91. (372) Henriksson KG, Sorensen J. The promise of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2002 May;28(2):343-51. (373) Hsu MM, Wong CS. The roles of pain facilitatory systems in opioid tolerance. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 2000 September;38(3):155-66. (374) Karlsten R, Gordh T. How do drugs relieve neurogenic pain? Drugs Aging 1997 November;11(5):398-412. (375) Kolhekar R, Meller ST, Gebhart GF. Characterization of the role of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in thermal nociception in the rat. Neuroscience 1993 November;57(2):385-95. (376) Liu H, Mantyh PW, Basbaum AI. NMDA-receptor regulation of substance P release from primary afferent nociceptors. Nature 1997 April 17;386(6626):721-4. (377) Lucas LK, Lipman AG. Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for cancer pain management. Cancer Pract 2002 May;10 Suppl 1:S14-S20. (378) Mao J. NMDA and opioid receptors: their interactions in antinociception, tolerance and neuroplasticity. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1999 November;30(3):289-304. (379) Mao J, Mayer DJ. Spinal cord neuroplasticity following repeated opioid exposure and its relation to pathological pain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 March;933:175-84. (380) McRoberts JA, Coutinho SV, Marvizon JC et al. Role of peripheral N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in visceral nociception in rats. Gastroenterology 2001 June;120(7):1737-48. (381) Morris R, Southam E, Gittins SR, de Vente J, Garthwaite J. The NO-cGMP pathway in neonatal rat dorsal horn. Eur J Neurosci 1994 May 1;6(5):876-9. (382) Ohtori S, Takahashi K, Ino H et al. Up-regulation of substance P and NMDA receptor mRNA in dorsal horn and preganglionic sympathetic neurons during adjuvant-induced noxious stimulation in rats. Ann Anat 2002 January;184(1):71-6. (383) Riedel W, Neeck G. Nociception, pain, and antinociception: current concepts. Z Rheumatol 2001 December;60(6):404-15. (384) Simonnet G, Rivat C. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: abnormal or normal pain? Neuroreport 2003 January 20;14(1):1-7. (385) Thomas RJ. Excitatory amino acids in health and disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995 November;43(11):1279-89. (386) Traub RJ, Zhai Q, Ji Y, Kovalenko M. NMDA receptor antagonists attenuate noxious and nonnoxious colorectal distention-induced Fos expression in the spinal cord and the visceromotor reflex. Neuroscience 2002;113(1):205-11. (387) Walters MR, Bradford AP, Fischer J, Lees KR. Early clinical experience with the novel NMDA receptor antagonist CNS 5161. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002 March;53(3):305-11. (388) Willis WD. Role of neurotransmitters in sensitization of pain responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 March;933:142-56. (389) Afrah AW, Stiller CO, Olgart L, Brodin E, Gustafsson H. Involvement of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in capsaicin-induced in vivo release of substance P in the rat dorsal horn. Neurosci Lett 2001 December;316(2):83-6. (390) Begon S, Pickering G, Eschalier A, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y, Dubray C. Role of spinal NMDA receptors, protein kinase C and nitric oxide synthase in the hyperalgesia induced by magnesium deficiency in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2001 November;134(6):1227-36. (391) Benoliel R, Tanaka M, Caudle RM, Iadarola MJ. Co-localization of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and substance P (neurokinin-1) receptors in rat spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2000 September 15;291(2):61-4. (392) Bjorkman R. Central antinociceptive effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol. Experimental studies in the rat. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 1995;103:1-44. (393) Bonham AC. Neurotransmitters in the CNS control of breathing. Respir Physiol 1995 September;101(3):219-30. (394) Campbell BM, Walker PD. NMDA receptor antagonism modifies the synergistic regulation of striatal tachykinin gene expression induced by dopamine D(1) and serotonin(2) receptor stimulation following neonatal dopamine depletion. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001 September 10;93(1):90-4. (395) Colin I, Blondeau C, Baude A. Neurokinin release in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract via NMDA and AMPA receptors. Neuroscience 2002;115(4):1023-33. (396) Ebling FJ. The role of glutamate in the photic regulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Prog Neurobiol 1996 October;50(2-3):109-32. (397) Gorman JM. New molecular targets for antianxiety interventions. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64 Suppl 3:28-35. (398) Grimaldi BL. The central role of magnesium deficiency in Tourette's syndrome: causal relationships between magnesium deficiency, altered biochemical pathways and symptoms relating to Tourette's syndrome and several reported comorbid conditions. Med Hypotheses 2002 January;58(1):47-60. (399) Ikeda H, Heinke B, Ruscheweyh R, Sandkuhler J. Synaptic plasticity in spinal lamina I projection neurons that mediate hyperalgesia. Science 2003 February 21;299(5610):1237-40. (400) Kombian SB, Ananthalakshmi KV, Parvathy SS, Matowe WC. Substance P depresses excitatory synaptic transmission in the nucleus accumbens through dopaminergic and purinergic mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 2003 February;89(2):728-37. (401) Kozlov A, Kotaleski JH, Aurell E, Grillner S, Lansner A. Modeling of substance P and 5-HT induced synaptic plasticity in the lamprey spinal CPG: consequences for network pattern generation. J Comput Neurosci 2001 September;11(2):183-200. (402) Ohtori S, Takahashi K, Ino H et al. Up-regulation of substance P and NMDA receptor mRNA in dorsal horn and preganglionic sympathetic neurons during adjuvant-induced noxious stimulation in rats. Ann Anat 2002 January;184(1):71-6. (403) Riedel W, Neeck G. Nociception, pain, and antinociception: current concepts. Z Rheumatol 2001 December;60(6):404-15. (404) Willis WD. Role of neurotransmitters in sensitization of pain responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 March;933:142-56. (405) Wong HY. Neural mechanisms of joint pain. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1993 July;22(4):646-50. (406) Berkeley JL, Levey AI. Cell-specific extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation by multiple G protein-coupled receptor families in hippocampus. Mol Pharmacol 2003 January;63(1):128-35. (407) Galeotti N, Ghelardini C, Bartolini A. Antihistamine antinociception is mediated by Gi-protein activation. Neuroscience 2002;109(4):811-8. (408) Hendry IA, Kelleher KL, Bartlett SE et al. Hypertolerance to morphine in G(z alpha)-deficient mice. Brain Res 2000 July 7;870(1-2):10-9. (409) Huang CC, Lo SW, Hsu KS. Presynaptic mechanisms underlying cannabinoid inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission in rat striatal neurons. J Physiol 2001 May 1;532(Pt 3):731-48. (410) Huang CC, Lo SW, Hsu KS. Presynaptic mechanisms underlying cannabinoid inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission in rat striatal neurons. J Physiol 2001 May 1;532(Pt 3):731-48. (411) Kalla R, Bohatschek M, Kloss CU, Krol J, Von M, X, Raivich G. Loss of microglial ramification in microglia-astrocyte cocultures: involvement of adenylate cyclase, calcium, phosphatase, and Gi-protein systems. Glia 2003 January;41(1):50-63. (412) Ludwig LM, Patel HH, Gross GJ, Kersten JR, Pagel PS, Warltier DC. Morphine enhances pharmacological preconditioning by isoflurane: role of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels and opioid receptors. Anesthesiology 2003 March;98(3):705-11. (413) Meneray MA, Fields TY, Bennett DJ. Gi2 and Gi3 couple met-enkephalin to inhibition of lacrimal secretion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998 July;39(8):1339-45. (414) Shapira M, Vogel Z, Sarne Y. Opioid and cannabinoid receptors share a common pool of GTP-binding proteins in cotransfected cells, but not in cells which endogenously coexpress the receptors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2000 June;20(3):291-304. (415) Tanski W, Roztocil E, Davies MG. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces G(alphai)-coupled, PI3K/ras-dependent smooth muscle cell migration. J Surg Res 2002 November;108(1):98-106. (416) Tso PH, Wong YH. Deciphering the role of Gi2 in opioid-induced adenylyl cyclase supersensitization. Neuroreport 2000 September 28;11(14):3213-7. (417) Wu YL, Pu L, Ling K et al. Molecular characterization and functional expression of opioid receptor-like1 receptor. Cell Res 1997 June;7(1):69-77. (418) Yang D, Gereau RW. Peripheral group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) regulate prostaglandin E2-mediated sensitization of capsaicin responses and thermal nociception. J Neurosci 2002 August 1;22(15):6388-93. (419) Yang D, Gereau RW. Peripheral group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) regulate prostaglandin E2-mediated sensitization of capsaicin responses and thermal nociception. J Neurosci 2002 August 1;22(15):6388-93. (420) Alling C. [The biological mechanisms underlying alcohol dependence]. Lakartidningen 1999 July 14;96(28-29):3248-52. (421) Asmundsson G, Mokler DJ, Ally A. Effects of ventrolateral medullary NMDA-receptor antagonism on biogenic amines and pressor response to muscle contraction. Neurosci Res 1998 September;32(1):47-56. (422) Bjorkum AA, Bjorvatn B, Neckelmann D, Ursin R. Sleep effects following intrathecal administration of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT and the NMDA antagonist AP-5 in rats. Brain Res 1995 September 18;692(1-2):251-8. (423) Bonham AC. Neurotransmitters in the CNS control of breathing. Respir Physiol 1995 September;101(3):219-30. (424) Boylan CB, Kesterson KL, Bennett-Clarke CA, Chiaia NL, Rhoades RW. Neither peripheral nerve input nor cortical NMDA receptor activity are necessary for recovery of a disrupted barrel pattern in rat somatosensory cortex. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2001 July 23;129(1):95-106. (425) Cai Z, McCaslin PP. Amitriptyline, desipramine, cyproheptadine and carbamazepine, in concentrations used therapeutically, reduce kainate- and N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced intracellular Ca2+ levels in neuronal culture. Eur J Pharmacol 1992 August 14;219(1):53-7. (426) Campbell BM, Walker PD. NMDA receptor antagonism modifies the synergistic regulation of striatal tachykinin gene expression induced by dopamine D(1) and serotonin(2) receptor stimulation following neonatal dopamine depletion. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001 September 10;93(1):90-4. (427) Campbell BM, Walker PD. NMDA receptor antagonism modifies the synergistic regulation of striatal tachykinin gene expression induced by dopamine D(1) and serotonin(2) receptor stimulation following neonatal dopamine depletion. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001 September 10;93(1):90-4. (428) Carli M, Silva S, Balducci C, Samanin R. WAY 100635, a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, prevents the impairment of spatial learning caused by blockade of hippocampal NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 1999 August;38(8):1165-73. (429) Celada P, Puig MV, Casanovas JM, Guillazo G, Artigas F. Control of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons by the medial prefrontal cortex: Involvement of serotonin-1A, GABA(A), and glutamate receptors. J Neurosci 2001 December 15;21(24):9917-29. (430) Choi SS, Han EJ, Lee TH et al. Antinociceptive mechanisms of platycodin D administered intracerebroventricularly in the mouse. Planta Med 2002 September;68(9):794-8. (431) Covasa M, Ritter RC, Burns GA. Cholinergic neurotransmission participates in increased food intake induced by NMDA receptor blockade. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003 September;285(3):R641-R648. (432) Dall'Olio R, Gandolfi O, Gaggi R. D-Cycloserine, a positive modulator of NMDA receptors, inhibits serotonergic function. Behav Pharmacol 2000 November;11(7-8):631-7. (433) De La GR, Jentsch JD, Verrico CD, Roth RH. Adaptation of monoaminergic responses to phencyclidine in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex following repeated treatment with fluoxetine or imipramine. Brain Res 2002 December 20;958(1):20-7. (434) Dean B. Signal transmission, rather than reception, is the underlying neurochemical abnormality in schizophrenia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000 August;34(4):560-9. (435) Dean B. Signal transmission, rather than reception, is the underlying neurochemical abnormality in schizophrenia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000 August;34(4):560-9. (436) Delander GE, Wahl JJ. Morphine (intracerebroventricular) activates spinal systems to inhibit behavior induced by putative pain neurotransmitters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989 December;251(3):1090-5. (437) Fink K, Boing C, Gothert M. Presynaptic 5-HT autoreceptors modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate-evoked 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the guinea-pig brain cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 1996 April 4;300(1-2):79-82. (438) Finnegan KT, Skratt JJ, Irwin I, Langston JW. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, dextrorphan, prevents the neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in rats. Neurosci Lett 1989 November 6;105(3):300-6. (439) Fleck MW. Molecular actions of (S)-desmethylzopiclone (SEP-174559), an anxiolytic metabolite of zopiclone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002 August;302(2):612-8. (440) Gorman JM. New molecular targets for antianxiety interventions. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64 Suppl 3:28-35. (441) Gorman JM. New molecular targets for antianxiety interventions. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64 Suppl 3:28-35. (442) Gorman JM. New molecular targets for antianxiety interventions. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64 Suppl 3:28-35. (443) Gorter JA, Botterblom MH, Feenstra MG, Boer GJ. Chronic neonatal NMDA receptor blockade with MK-801 alters monoamine metabolism in the adult rat. Neurosci Lett 1992 March 16;137(1):97-100. (444) Grahn RE, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Impaired escape performance and enhanced conditioned fear in rats following exposure to an uncontrollable stressor are mediated by glutamate and nitric oxide in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Behav Brain Res 2000 July;112(1-2):33-41. (445) Heyes MP, Papagapiou M, Leonard C, Markey SP, Auer RN. Effects of profound insulin-induced hypoglycemia on quinolinic acid in hippocampus and plasma. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991;294:679-82. (446) Hu PS, Ross SB. NMDA receptor-mediated increase in cyclic GMP in the rat cerebellum in vivo is blocked by alaproclate and GEA-857. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997 February;80(2):97-102. (447) Jackson DM, Bengtsson A, Johansson C, Cortizo L, Ross SB. Development of tolerance to 8-OH-DPAT induced blockade of acquisition of a passive avoidance response. Neuropharmacology 1994 August;33(8):1003-9. (448) Karlsten R, Gordh T. How do drugs relieve neurogenic pain? Drugs Aging 1997 November;11(5):398-412. (449) Kavaliers M, Colwell DD, Perrot-Sinal TS. Opioid and non-opioid NMDA-mediated predator-induced analgesia in mice and the effects of parasitic infection. Brain Res 1997 August 22;766(1-2):11-8. (450) Kochanowski J, Malara A, Chudzik W, Kaczorowska B. [Pathophysiology and treatment of spinal cord medulla injuries]. Neurol Neurochir Pol 1999;32 Suppl 6:91-7. (451) Kozlov A, Kotaleski JH, Aurell E, Grillner S, Lansner A. Modeling of substance P and 5-HT induced synaptic plasticity in the lamprey spinal CPG: consequences for network pattern generation. J Comput Neurosci 2001 September;11(2):183-200. (452) Kruger H, Heinemann U, Luhmann HJ. Effects of ionotropic glutamate receptor blockade and 5-HT1A receptor activation on spreading depression in rat neocortical slices. Neuroreport 1999 August 20;10(12):2651-6. (453) Lejeune F, Gobert A, Rivet JM, Millan MJ. Blockade of transmission at NMDA receptors facilitates the electrical and synthetic activity of ascending serotoninergic neurones. Brain Res 1994 September 12;656(2):427-31. (454) MacLean JN, Cowley KC, Schmidt BJ. NMDA receptor-mediated oscillatory activity in the neonatal rat spinal cord is serotonin dependent. J Neurophysiol 1998 May;79(5):2804-8. (455) MacLean JN, Schmidt BJ, Hochman S. NMDA receptor activation triggers voltage oscillations, plateau potentials and bursting in neonatal rat lumbar motoneurons in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 1997 December;9(12):2702-11. (456) MacLean JN, Schmidt BJ. Voltage-sensitivity of motoneuron NMDA receptor channels is modulated by serotonin in the neonatal rat spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 2001 September;86(3):1131-8. (457) Maione S, Palazzo E, de N, V, Stella L, Leyva J, Rossi F. Metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate serotonin release in the rat periaqueductal gray matter. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1998 October;358(4):411-7. (458) Maj J, Moryl E. Effects of sertraline and citalopram given repeatedly on the responsiveness of 5-HT receptor subpopulations. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1992;88(2):143-56. (459) Mascia MP, Maiya R, Borghese CM et al. Does acetaldehyde mediate ethanol action in the central nervous system? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001 November;25(11):1570-5. (460) Millan MJ, Gobert A, Bervoets K, Rivet JM, Veiga S, Brocco M. Induction of spontaneous tail-flicks in rats by blockade of transmission at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: roles of multiple monoaminergic receptors in relation to the actions of antipsychotic agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000 February;292(2):672-83. (461) Miyamoto Y, Yamada K, Noda Y, Mori H, Mishina M, Nabeshima T. Hyperfunction of dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal systems in mice lacking the NMDA receptor epsilon1 subunit. J Neurosci 2001 January 15;21(2):750-7. (462) Moguilevsky JA, Szwarcfarb B, Carbone S, Rondina D, Ponzo O, Scacchi P. Interrelationships of GABAergic, serotoninergic and excitatory amino acid systems in its regulatory effect on prolactin secretion in prepubertal rats. Endocr Res 2000 August;26(3):399-410. (463) Murphy KP, Reid GP, Trentham DR, Bliss TV. Activation of NMDA receptors is necessary for the induction of associative long-term potentiation in area CA1 of the rat hippocampal slice. J Physiol 1997 October 15;504 ( Pt 2):379-85. (464) Ohno M, Watanabe S. Blockade of 5-HT1A receptors compensates loss of hippocampal cholinergic neurotransmission involved in working memory of rats. Brain Res 1996 October 14;736(1-2):180-8. (465) Ohno M, Watanabe S. Differential effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonism on working memory failure due to deficiency of hippocampal cholinergic and glutamatergic transmission in rats. Brain Res 1997 July 11;762(1-2):211-5. (466) Prosser RA. Glutamate blocks serotonergic phase advances of the mammalian circadian pacemaker through AMPA and NMDA receptors. J Neurosci 2001 October 1;21(19):7815-22. (467) Raiteri M, Maura G, Barzizza A. Activation of presynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine1-like receptors on glutamatergic terminals inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced cyclic GMP production in rat cerebellar slices. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991 June;257(3):1184-8. (468) Eisenach J. Update on spinal cord pharmacology in pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 1997;110:124-6. (469) Faingold C, Casebeer D. Modulation of the audiogenic seizure network by noradrenergic and glutamatergic receptors of the deep layers of superior colliculus. Brain Res 1999 March 13;821(2):392-9. (470) Fink K, Gothert M. Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-stimulated noradrenaline release in rat brain cortex by presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1993 October;348(4):372-8. (471) Fink K, Gothert M, Molderings G, Schlicker E. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated stimulation of noradrenaline release, but not release of other neurotransmitters, in the rat brain cortex: receptor location, characterization and desensitization. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1989 May;339(5):514-21. (472) Lalies M, Middlemiss DN, Ransom R. Stereoselective antagonism of NMDA-stimulated noradrenaline release from rat hippocampal slices by MK-801. Neurosci Lett 1988 September 12;91(3):339-42. (473) Ohno M, Yoshimatsu A, Kobayashi M, Watanabe S. Beta-adrenergic dysfunction exacerbates impairment of working memory induced by hippocampal NMDA receptor blockade in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1996 June 20;307(1):21-6. (474) Paalzow GH. Noradrenaline but not dopamine involved in NMDA receptor-mediated hyperalgesia induced by theophylline in awake rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1994 January 24;252(1):87-97. (475) Stanton PK, Mody I, Heinemann U. A role for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in norepinephrine-induced long-lasting potentiation in the dentate gyrus. Exp Brain Res 1989;77(3):517-30. (476) Blows WT. Neurotransmitters of the brain: serotonin, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine. J Neurosci Nurs 2000 August;32(4):234-8. (477) Fink K, Gothert M, Molderings G, Schlicker E. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated stimulation of noradrenaline release, but not release of other neurotransmitters, in the rat brain cortex: receptor location, characterization and desensitization. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1989 May;339(5):514-21. (478) Korzeniewska-Rybicka I, Plaznik A. Role of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in a model of visceral pain. Pol J Pharmacol 2001 September;53(5):475-80. (479) Abdollahi M, Nikfar S, Abdoli N. Potentiation by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and calcium channel blocker of aspartame-induced antinociception in the mouse formalin test. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2001 April;15(2):117-23. (480) Ambrosini A, Bresciani L, Fracchia S, Brunello N, Racagni G. Metabotropic glutamate receptors negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity and prevent neurotoxicity in mesencephalic neurons in vitro. Mol Pharmacol 1995 May;47(5):1057-64. (481) Beart PM, Schousboe A, Frandsen A. Blockade by polyamine NMDA antagonists related to ifenprodil of NMDA-induced synthesis of cyclic GMP, increases in calcium and cytotoxicity in cultured neurones. Br J Pharmacol 1995 April;114(7):1359-64. (482) Begon S, Pickering G, Eschalier A, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y, Dubray C. Role of spinal NMDA receptors, protein kinase C and nitric oxide synthase in the hyperalgesia induced by magnesium deficiency in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2001 November;134(6):1227-36. (483) Begon S, Pickering G, Eschalier A, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y, Dubray C. Role of spinal NMDA receptors, protein kinase C and nitric oxide synthase in the hyperalgesia induced by magnesium deficiency in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2001 November;134(6):1227-36. (484) Bereiter DA, Bereiter DF. N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism reduces Fos-like immunoreactivity in central trigeminal neurons after corneal stimulation in the rat. Neuroscience 1996 July;73(1):249-58. (485) Boegman RJ, Vincent SR. Involvement of adenosine and glutamate receptors in the induction of c-fos in the striatum by haloperidol. Synapse 1996 January;22(1):70-7. (486) Bouzioukh F, Tell F, Rougon G, Jean A. Dual effects of NMDA receptor activation on polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule expression during brainstem postnatal development. Eur J Neurosci 2001 October;14(8):1194-202. (487) Bouzioukh F, Tell F, Jean A, Rougon G. NMDA receptor and nitric oxide synthase activation regulate polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule expression in adult brainstem synapses. J Neurosci 2001 July 1;21(13):4721-30. (488) Buccafusco JJ, Terry AV, Jr., Shuster L. Spinal NMDA receptor--nitric oxide mediation of the expression of morphine withdrawal symptoms in the rat. Brain Res 1995 May 15;679(2):189-99. (489) Chao CC, Hu S, Ehrlich L, Peterson PK. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergistically mediate neurotoxicity: involvement of nitric oxide and of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Brain Behav Immun 1995 December;9(4):355-65. (490) Chiarugi A, Meli E, Moroni F. Similarities and differences in the neuronal death processes activated by 3OH-kynurenine and quinolinic acid. J Neurochem 2001 June;77(5):1310-8. (491) Choi SY, Hwang JJ, Koh JY. NR2A induction and NMDA receptor-dependent neuronal death by neurotrophin-4/5 in cortical cell culture. J Neurochem 2004 February;88(3):708-16. (492) Davies MF, Reid K, Guo TZ, Agashe GS, Amin YK, Maze M. Sedative but not analgesic alpha2 agonist tolerance is blocked by NMDA receptor and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Anesthesiology 2001 July;95(1):184-91. (493) Dickenson AH. NMDA receptor antagonists: interactions with opioids. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997 January;41(1 Pt 2):112-5. (494) East SJ, Batchelor AM, Garthwaite J. Selective blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function by the nitric oxide donor, nitroprusside. Eur J Pharmacol 1991 December 10;209(1-2):119-21. (495) Elliott K, Kest B, Man A, Kao B, Inturrisi CE. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, mu and kappa opioid tolerance, and perspectives on new analgesic drug development. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995 December;13(4):347-56. (496) Ernst AF, Wu HH, El Fakahany EE, McLoon SC. NMDA receptor-mediated refinement of a transient retinotectal projection during development requires nitric oxide. J Neurosci 1999 January 1;19(1):229-35. (497) Fagni L, Olivier M, Lafon-Cazal M, Bockaert J. Involvement of divalent ions in the nitric oxide-induced blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in cerebellar granule cells. Mol Pharmacol 1995 June;47(6):1239-47. (498) Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL. Spinal plasticity of acute opioid tolerance. J Biomed Sci 2000 May;7(3):200-12. (499) Fedele E, Varnier G, Raiteri M. In vivo microdialysis study of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors modulating the glutamate receptor/NO/cyclic GMP pathway in the rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 1997 October;36(10):1405-15. (500) Fedele E, Marchi M, Raiteri M. In vivo NO/cGMP signalling in the hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2001 September;26(8-9):1069-78. (501) Fedele E, Conti A, Raiteri M. The glutamate receptor/NO/cyclic GMP pathway in the hippocampus of freely moving rats: modulation by cyclothiazide, interaction with GABA and the behavioural consequences. Neuropharmacology 1997 October;36(10):1393-403. (502) Forman LJ. NMDA receptor antagonism produces antinociception which is partially mediated by brain opioids and dopamine. Life Sci 1999;64(21):1877-87. (503) Freye E, Latasch L. [Development of opioid tolerance -- molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2003 January;38(1):14-26. (504) Goff JR, Burkey AR, Goff DJ, Jasmin L. Reorganization of the spinal dorsal horn in models of chronic pain: correlation with behaviour. Neuroscience 1998 January;82(2):559-74. (505) Golde S, Chandran S, Brown GC, Compston A. Different pathways for iNOS-mediated toxicity in vitro dependent on neuronal maturation and NMDA receptor expression. J Neurochem 2002 July;82(2):269-82. (506) Grahn RE, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Impaired escape performance and enhanced conditioned fear in rats following exposure to an uncontrollable stressor are mediated by glutamate and nitric oxide in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Behav Brain Res 2000 July;112(1-2):33-41. (507) Grassi S, Pettorossi VE. Synaptic plasticity in the medial vestibular nuclei: role of glutamate receptors and retrograde messengers in rat brainstem slices. Prog Neurobiol 2001 August;64(6):527-53. (508) Grassi S, Pettorossi VE. Synaptic plasticity in the medial vestibular nuclei: role of glutamate receptors and retrograde messengers in rat brainstem slices. Prog Neurobiol 2001 August;64(6):527-53. (509) Green KL, Gatto GJ, Grant KA. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) does not produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997 May;21(3):483-8. (510) Harsanyi K, Friedlander MJ. Transient synaptic potentiation in the visual cortex. II. Developmental regulation. J Neurophysiol 1997 March;77(3):1284-93. (511) Harsanyi K, Friedlander MJ. Transient synaptic potentiation in the visual cortex. I. Cellular mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 1997 March;77(3):1269-83. (512) Hirai H, Launey T. The regulatory connection between the activity of granule cell NMDA receptors and dendritic differentiation of cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Neurosci 2000 July 15;20(14):5217-24. (513) Hsu MM, Wong CS. The roles of pain facilitatory systems in opioid tolerance. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 2000 September;38(3):155-66. (514) Hu PS, Ross SB. NMDA receptor-mediated increase in cyclic GMP in the rat cerebellum in vivo is blocked by alaproclate and GEA-857. Pharmacol Toxicol 1997 February;80(2):97-102. (515) Ikeda M, Komachi H, Sato I, Himi T, Yuasa T, Murota S. Induction of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by methylmercury in the cerebellum. J Neurosci Res 1999 February 1;55(3):352-6. (516) Inoue M, Mishina M, Ueda H. Locus-specific rescue of GluRepsilon1 NMDA receptors in mutant mice identifies the brain regions important for morphine tolerance and dependence. J Neurosci 2003 July 23;23(16):6529-36. (517) Itzhak Y. Blockade of sensitization to the toxic effects of cocaine in mice by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Pharmacol Toxicol 1994 March;74(3):162-6. (518) Jara-Prado A, Ortega-Vazquez A, Martinez-Ruano L, Rios C, Santamaria A. Homocysteine-induced brain lipid peroxidation: effects of NMDA receptor blockade, antioxidant treatment, and nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Neurotox Res 2003;5(4):237-43. (519) Karlsten R, Gordh T. How do drugs relieve neurogenic pain? Drugs Aging 1997 November;11(5):398-412. (520) Kashii S. [The role of nitric oxide in the ischemic retina]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1995 December;99(12):1361-76. (521) Kawamata T, Omote K. Activation of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors stimulates a nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophosphate/glutamate release cascade in nociceptive signaling. Anesthesiology 1999 November;91(5):1415-24. (522) Kinney GA, Slater NT. Potentiation of NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in turtle cerebellar granule cells by activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Neurophysiol 1993 February;69(2):585-94. (523) Kolhekar R, Meller ST, Gebhart GF. Characterization of the role of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in thermal nociception in the rat. Neuroscience 1993 November;57(2):385-95. (524) Kolhekar R, Meller ST, Gebhart GF. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated changes in thermal nociception: allosteric modulation at glycine and polyamine recognition sites. Neuroscience 1994 December;63(4):925-36. (525) Lauretti GR, Lima IC, Reis MP, Prado WA, Pereira NL. Oral ketamine and transdermal nitroglycerin as analgesic adjuvants to oral morphine therapy for cancer pain management. Anesthesiology 1999 June;90(6):1528-33. (526) Berthoud H, Patterson LM, Morales S, Zheng H. Additive satiety-delaying effects of capsaicin-induced visceral deafferentation and NMDA receptor blockade suggest separate pathways. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000 October;67(2):371-5. (527) Burns GA, Ritter RC. Visceral afferent participation in delayed satiation following NMDA receptor blockade. Physiol Behav 1998 November 15;65(2):361-6. (528) Cuesta MC, Arcaya JL, Cano G, Sanchez L, Maixner W, Suarez-Roca H. Opposite modulation of capsaicin-evoked substance P release by glutamate receptors. Neurochem Int 1999 December;35(6):471-8. (529) Dougherty PM, Palecek J, Paleckova V, Sorkin LS, Willis WD. The role of NMDA and non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors in the excitation of primate spinothalamic tract neurons by mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electrical stimuli. J Neurosci 1992 August;12(8):3025-41. (530) Inoue M, Mishina M, Ueda H. Enhanced nociception by exogenous and endogenous substance P given into the spinal cord in mice lacking NR(2)A/epsilon(1), an NMDA receptor subunit. Br J Pharmacol 2000 January;129(2):239-41. (531) Karlsten R, Gordh T. How do drugs relieve neurogenic pain? Drugs Aging 1997 November;11(5):398-412. (532) Larson AA, Sun X. The amino-terminus of substance P mimics and MK-801 attenuates the effects of capsaicin on nociception and kainic acid-induced behavior in the mouse. Regul Pept 1993 July 2;46(1-2):421-3. (533) Liu H, Mantyh PW, Basbaum AI. NMDA-receptor regulation of substance P release from primary afferent nociceptors. Nature 1997 April 17;386(6626):721-4. (534) Willis WD. Role of neurotransmitters in sensitization of pain responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 March;933:142-56. (535) Arnold DB, Robinson DA, Leigh RJ. Nystagmus induced by pharmacological inactivation of the brainstem ocular motor integrator in monkey. Vision Res 1999;39(25):4286-95. (536) Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Zhou FM, Priest CA, Ennis M, Shipley MT. Tonic and synaptically evoked presynaptic inhibition of sensory input to the rat olfactory bulb via GABA(B) heteroreceptors. J Neurophysiol 2000 September;84(3):1194-203. (537) Ballard TM, Pauly-Evers M, Higgins GA et al. Severe impairment of NMDA receptor function in mice carrying targeted point mutations in the glycine binding site results in drug-resistant nonhabituating hyperactivity. J Neurosci 2002 August 1;22(15):6713-23. (538) Brum LF, Elisabetsky E, Souza D. Effects of linalool on [(3)H]MK801 and [(3)H] muscimol binding in mouse cortical membranes. Phytother Res 2001 August;15(5):422-5. (539) Chiou LC, Chou HH. Characterization of synaptic transmission in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray of rat brain slices. Neuroscience 2000;100(4):829-34. (540) Choi SS, Han EJ, Lee TH et al. Antinociceptive mechanisms of platycodin D administered intracerebroventricularly in the mouse. Planta Med 2002 September;68(9):794-8. (541) Cornish JL, Nakamura M, Kalivas PW. Dopamine-independent locomotion following blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the ventral tegmental area. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001 July;298(1):226-33. (542) de Mello CF, Kolker S, Ahlemeyer B et al. Intrastriatal administration of 3-hydroxyglutaric acid induces convulsions and striatal lesions in rats. Brain Res 2001 October 19;916(1-2):70-5. (543) Fuchs JL, Salazar E. Effects of whisker trimming on GABA(A) receptor binding in the barrel cortex of developing and adult rats. J Comp Neurol 1998 June 1;395(2):209-16. (544) Herrero JF. GABAergic activity of quisqualamine and homoquisqualamine in hemisected spinal cord in vitro preparation. Rev Esp Fisiol 1994 March;50(1):11-7. (545) Isaacson JS, Vitten H. GABA(B) receptors inhibit dendrodendritic transmission in the rat olfactory bulb. J Neurosci 2003 March 15;23(6):2032-9. (546) Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Hartman RE, Izumi Y et al. Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. J Neurosci 2003 February 1;23(3):876-82. (547) Mennerick S, Zorumski CF. Postsynaptic modulation of NMDA synaptic currents in rat hippocampal microcultures by paired-pulse stimulation. J Physiol 1996 January 15;490 ( Pt 2):405-7. (548) Oestreicher E, Wolfgang A, Felix D. Neurotransmission of the cochlear inner hair cell synapse--implications for inner ear therapy. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2002;59:131-9. (549) Orer HS, Gebber GL, Phillips SW, Barman SM. Role of the medullary lateral tegmental field in reflex-mediated sympathoexcitation in cats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004 March;286(3):R451-R464. (550) Ouardouz M, Sastry BR. Mechanisms underlying LTP of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the deep cerebellar nuclei. J Neurophysiol 2000 September;84(3):1414-21. (551) Panagis G, Kastellakis A. The effects of ventral tegmental administration of GABA(A), GABA(B), NMDA and AMPA receptor agonists on ventral pallidum self-stimulation. Behav Brain Res 2002 April 1;131(1-2):115-23. (552) Pinilla L, Gonzalez LC, Tena-Sempere M, Aguilar E. Cross-talk between excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the regulation of growth hormone secretion in neonatal rats. Neuroendocrinology 2001 January;73(1):62-7. (553) Resink A, Hack N, Boer GJ, Balazs R. Growth conditions differentially modulate the vulnerability of developing cerebellar granule cells to excitatory amino acids. Brain Res 1994 August 29;655(1-2):222-32. (554) Tomitaka S, Tomitaka M, Tolliver BK, Sharp FR. Bilateral blockade of NMDA receptors in anterior thalamus by dizocilpine (MK-801) injures pyramidal neurons in rat retrosplenial cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2000 April;12(4):1420-30. (555) Boegman RJ, Vincent SR. Involvement of adenosine and glutamate receptors in the induction of c-fos in the striatum by haloperidol. Synapse 1996 January;22(1):70-7. (556) Brooks KJ, Kauppinen RA. Calcium-mediated damage following hypoxia in cerebral cortex ex vivo studied by NMR spectroscopy. Evidence for direct involvement of voltage-gated Ca(2+)-channels. Neurochem Int 1993 November;23(5):441-50. (557) Chartoff EH, Ward RP, Dorsa DM. Role of adenosine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in mediating haloperidol-induced gene expression and catalepsy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999 November;291(2):531-7. (558) Chiarugi A, Meli E, Moroni F. Similarities and differences in the neuronal death processes activated by 3OH-kynurenine and quinolinic acid. J Neurochem 2001 June;77(5):1310-8. (559) de Mendonca A, Ribeiro JA. Long-term potentiation observed upon blockade of adenosine A1 receptors in rat hippocampus is N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent. Neurosci Lett 2000 September 15;291(2):81-4. (560) Delander GE, Wahl JJ. Morphine (intracerebroventricular) activates spinal systems to inhibit behavior induced by putative pain neurotransmitters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989 December;251(3):1090-5. (561) Dickenson AH. NMDA receptor antagonists: interactions with opioids. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997 January;41(1 Pt 2):112-5. (562) Ekonomou A, Poulou PD, Matsokis N, Angelatou F. Stimulation of adenosine A2A receptors elicits zif/268 and NMDA epsilon2 subunit mRNA expression in cortex and striatum of the "weaver" mutant mouse, a genetic model of nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency. Neuroscience 2004;123(4):1025-36. (563) Fenu S, Acquas E, Di Chiara G. Role of striatal acetylcholine on dopamine D1 receptor agonist-induced turning behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats: a microdialysis-behavioral study. Neurol Sci 2001 February;22(1):63-4. (564) Flores-Hernandez J, Cepeda C, Hernandez-Echeagaray E et al. Dopamine enhancement of NMDA currents in dissociated medium-sized striatal neurons: role of D1 receptors and DARPP-32. J Neurophysiol 2002 December;88(6):3010-20. (565) Fraser CM, Fisher A, Cooke MJ, Thompson ID, Stone TW. The involvement of adenosine receptors in the effect of dizocilpine on mice in the elevated plus-maze. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1997 November;7(4):267-73. (566) Gerber U, Gahwiler BH. Cobalt blocks postsynaptic responses induced by neurotransmitters in the hippocampus in vitro. Neurosci Lett 1991 December 16;134(1):53-6. (567) Gibbs JW, III, Sombati S, DeLorenzo RJ, Coulter DA. Cellular actions of topiramate: blockade of kainate-evoked inward currents in cultured hippocampal neurons. Epilepsia 2000;41 Suppl 1:S10-S16. (568) Hagberg H, Andersson P, Butcher S, Sandberg M, Lehmann A, Hamberger A. Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive acidic amino acid receptors inhibits ischemia-induced accumulation of purine catabolites in the rat striatum. Neurosci Lett 1986 August 4;68(3):311-6. (569) Haraldseth O, Gronas T, Southon TE, Jynge P, Gisvold SE, Unsgard G. The NMDA antagonist MK-801 improved metabolic recovery after 10 minutes global cerebral ischaemia in rats measured with 31 phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Acta Neurochir (Wien ) 1990;106(1-2):32-6. (570) Inano S. [Effects of agonists and antagonists of benzodiazepine, GABA and NMDA receptors, on caffeine-induced seizures in mice]. Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo 1992 August;12(4):199-205. (571) Just L, Olenik C, Meyer DK. Neocortical projections regulate the neostriatal proenkephalin gene expression. Cereb Cortex 1999 June;9(4):332-9. (572) Karlsten R, Gordh T. How do drugs relieve neurogenic pain? Drugs Aging 1997 November;11(5):398-412. (573) Kombian SB, Ananthalakshmi KV, Parvathy SS, Matowe WC. Substance P depresses excitatory synaptic transmission in the nucleus accumbens through dopaminergic and purinergic mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 2003 February;89(2):728-37. (574) Kombian SB, Ananthalakshmi KV, Parvathy SS, Matowe WC. Substance P depresses excitatory synaptic transmission in the nucleus accumbens through dopaminergic and purinergic mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 2003 February;89(2):728-37. (575) Levivier M, Holemans S, Togasaki DM, Maloteaux JM, Brotchi J, Przedborski S. Quantitative assessment of quinolinic acid-induced striatal toxicity in rats using radioligand binding assays. Neurol Res 1994 June;16(3):194-200. (576) Manabe T, Wyllie DJ, Perkel DJ, Nicoll RA. Modulation of synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation: effects on paired pulse facilitation and EPSC variance in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. J Neurophysiol 1993 October;70(4):1451-9. (577) Mienville JM, Pesold C. Low resting potential and postnatal upregulation of NMDA receptors may cause Cajal-Retzius cell death. J Neurosci 1999 March 1;19(5):1636-46. (578) Muir KW. New experimental and clinical data on the efficacy of pharmacological magnesium infusions in cerebral infarcts. Magnes Res 1998 March;11(1):43-56. (579) Nagaoka H, Sakurada S, Sakurada T et al. Theophylline-induced nociceptive behavioral response in mice: possible indirect interaction with spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Neurochem Int 1993 January;22(1):69-74. (580) Najm I, Ying Z, Janigro D. Mechanisms of epileptogenesis. Neurol Clin 2001 May;19(2):237-50. (581) Norenberg W, Wirkner K, Illes P. Effect of adenosine and some of its structural analogues on the conductance of NMDA receptor channels in a subset of rat neostriatal neurones. Br J Pharmacol 1997 September;122(1):71-80. (582) O'Donnell J, Stemmelin J, Nitta A, Brouillette J, Quirion R. Gene expression profiling following chronic NMDA receptor blockade-induced learning deficits in rats. Synapse 2003 December 1;50(3):171-80. (583) Ortinau S, Laube B, Zimmermann H. ATP inhibits NMDA receptors after heterologous expression and in cultured hippocampal neurons and attenuates NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 2003 June 15;23(12):4996-5003. (584) Paalzow GH. Noradrenaline but not dopamine involved in NMDA receptor-mediated hyperalgesia induced by theophylline in awake rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1994 January 24;252(1):87-97. (585) Sebastiao AM, de Mendonca A, Moreira T, Ribeiro JA. Activation of synaptic NMDA receptors by action potential-dependent release of transmitter during hypoxia impairs recovery of synaptic transmission on reoxygenation. J Neurosci 2001 November 1;21(21):8564-71. (586) Silkis I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit with synaptic plasticity. I. Modification rules for excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the striatum. Biosystems 2000 August;57(3):187-96. (587) Silkis I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit with synaptic plasticity. I. Modification rules for excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the striatum. Biosystems 2000 August;57(3):187-96. (588) Somjen GG, Aitken PG, Czeh G, Jing J, Young JN. Cellular physiology of hypoxia of the mammalian central nervous system. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1993;71:51-65. (589) Staubli U, Chun D. Proactive and retrograde effects on LTP produced by theta pulse stimulation: mechanisms and characteristics of LTP reversal in vitro. Learn Mem 1996 September;3(2-3):96-105. (590) Stelzer A, Shi H. Impairment of GABAA receptor function by N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated calcium influx in isolated CA1 pyramidal cells. Neuroscience 1994 October;62(3):813-28. (591) Thurgur C, Church J. The anticonvulsant actions of sigma receptor ligands in the Mg2+-free model of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices. Br J Pharmacol 1998 July;124(5):917-29. (592) Wirkner K, Koles L, Thummler S et al. Interaction between P2Y and NMDA receptors in layer V pyramidal neurons of the rat prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 2002 March;42(4):476-88. (593) Xiao MY, Niu YP, Wigstrom H. Comparing long-term depression with pharmacologically induced synaptic attenuations in young rat hippocampi. Synapse 1997 August;26(4):329-40. (594) Xiao MY, Karpefors M, Gustafsson B, Wigstrom H. On the linkage between AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated EPSPs in homosynaptic long-term depression in the hippocampal CA1 region of young rats. J Neurosci 1995 June;15(6):4496-506. (595) Furst S. Transmitters involved in antinociception in the spinal cord. Brain Res Bull 1999 January 15;48(2):129-41. (596) Hains BC, Johnson KM, Eaton MJ, Willis WD, Hulsebosch CE. Serotonergic neural precursor cell grafts attenuate bilateral hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons after spinal hemisection in rat. Neuroscience 2003;116(4):1097-110. (597) Ko | |||||||
