Nationwide Medical Foods

Monographs

Theramine™
reference
Sentra Am™
reference
Sentra PM™
reference
AppTrim™
reference
Pulmona™
reference
AppTrimD™
Hypertensa™

Disease Condition
Monographs

Fibromyalgia
reference

Sentra AM ™ Reference List

1.Li Y, Gao XB, Sakurai T et al. Hypocretin/Orexin Excites Hypocretin Neurons via a Local Glutamate Neuron-A Potential Mechanism for Orchestrating the Hypothalamic Arousal System. Neuron. 2002;36:1169-1181.

2.Jo YH, Role LW. Cholinergic modulation of purinergic and GABAergic co-transmission at in vitro hypothalamic synapses. J Neurophysiol. 2002;88:2501-2508.

3.Sawaguchi T, Franco P, Kato I et al. From physiology to pathology: arousal deficiency theory in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)--with reference to apoptosis and neuronal plasticity. Forensic Sci Int. 2002;130 Suppl:S37-S43.

4.Bayer L, Eggermann E, Saint-Mleux B et al. Selective action of orexin (hypocretin) on nonspecific thalamocortical projection neurons. J Neurosci. 2002;22:7835-7839.

5.Arnold HM, Burk JA, Hodgson EM et al. Differential cortical acetylcholine release in rats performing a sustained attention task versus behavioral control tasks that do not explicitly tax attention. Neuroscience. 2002;114:451-460.

6.Kodama T, Honda Y, Watanabe M et al. Release of neurotransmitters in the monkey frontal cortex is related to level of attention. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;56:341-342.

7.Hajszan T, Zaborszky L. Direct catecholaminergic-cholinergic interactions in the basal forebrain. III. Adrenergic innervation of choline acetyltransferase-containing neurons in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 2002;449:141-157.

8.Bellingham MC, Ireland MF. Contribution of cholinergic systems to state-dependent modulation of respiratory control. Respir Physiolo Neurobiol. 2002;131:135-144.

9.Vazquez J, Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-Nitro-L-arginine increases basal forebrain acetylcholine release during sleep and wakefulness. J Neurosci. 2002;22:5597-5605.

10.Nakamura K. Aniracetam: its novel therapeutic potential in cerebral dysfunctional disorders based on recent pharmacological discoveries. CNS Drug Rev. 2002;8:70-89.

11.Gu Q. Neuromodulatory transmitter systems in the cortex and their role in cortical plasticity. Neuroscience. 2002;111:815-835.

12.Eggermann E, Serafin M, Bayer L et al. Orexins/hypocretins excite basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Neuroscience. 2001;108:177-181.

13.Solms M. Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Behav Brain Sci. 2000;23:843-850.

14.Dancause N, Dykes RW, Miasnikov AA et al. Atropine-sensitive and -insensitive components of the somatosensory evoked potential. Brain Res. 2001;910:67-73.

15.Vazquez J, Baghdoyan HA. Basal forebrain acetylcholine release during REM sleep is significantly greater than during waking. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001;280:R598-R601.

16.Stahl SM. Paying attention to your acetylcholine, Part 1: structural organization of nicotinic receptors. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:547-548.

17.Cape EG, Jones BE. Effects of glutamate agonist versus procaine microinjections into the basal forebrain cholinergic cell area upon gamma and theta EEG activity and sleep-wake state. Eur J Neurosci. 2000;12:2166-2184.

18.Levy JA, Parasuraman R, Greenwood PM et al. Acetylcholine affects the spatial scale of attention: evidence from Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology. 2000;14:288-298.

19.Sarter M, Bruno JP. Cortical cholinergic inputs mediating arousal, attentional processing and dreaming: differential afferent regulation of the basal forebrain by telencephalic and brainstem afferents. Neuroscience. 2000;95:933-952.

20.Binns KE. The synaptic pharmacology underlying sensory processing in the superior colliculus. Prog Neurobiol. 1999;59:129-159.

21.Kodama T, Honda Y. Acetylcholine and glutamate release during sleep-wakefulness in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and norepinephrine changes regulated by nitric oxide. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;53:109-111.

22.Baxter MG, Chiba AA. Cognitive functions of the basal forebrain. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1999;9:178-183.

23.Skrebitsky VG, Chepkova AN. Hebbian synapses in cortical and hippocampal pathways. Rev Neurosci. 1998;9:243-264.

24.Pepeu G, Blandina P. The acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate triangle in the rat forebrain. J Physiol Paris. 1998;92:351-355.

25.Thiel CM, Huston JP, Schwarting RK. Hippocampal acetylcholine and habituation learning. Neuroscience. 1998;85:1253-1262.

26.O'Hara BF, Edgar DM, Cao VH et al. Nicotine and nicotinic receptors in the circadian system. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1998;23:161-173.

27.Kayama Y, Koyama Y. Brainstem neural mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness. Eur Urol. 1998;33 Suppl 3:12-15.

28.Giovannini MG, Bartolini L, Kopf SR et al. Acetylcholine release from the frontal cortex during exploratory activity. Brain Res. 1998;784:218-227.

29.Mochizuki T, Yamatodani A. [Release of biogenic amines in the brain during sleep-wakefulness cycle]. Nippon Rinsho. 1998;56:290-295.

30.Turchi J, Sarter M. Cortical acetylcholine and processing capacity: effects of cortical cholinergic deafferentation on cross modal divided attention in rats. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 1997;6:147-158.

31.Nobili L, Sannita WG. Cholinergic modulation, visual function and Alzheimer's dementia. Vision Res. 1997;37:3559-3571.

32.Sarter M, Bruno JP. Cognitive functions of cortical acetylcholine: toward a unifying hypothesis. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1997;23:28-46.

33.Sarter M, Bruno JP, Givens B et al. Neuronal mechanisms mediating drug-induced cognition enhancement: cognitive activity as a necessary intervening variable. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 1996;3:329-343.

34.Szymusiak R. Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain: substrates of sleep and arousal regulation. Sleep. 1995;18:478-500.

35.Steckler T, Sahgal A. The role of serotonergic-cholinergic interactions in the mediation of cognitive behavior. Behav Brain Res. 1995;67:165-199.

36.Turchi J, Holley LA, Sarter M. Effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands on behavioral vigilance in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1995;118:195-205.

37.Inglis FM, Day JC, Fibiger HC. Enhanced acetylcholine release in hippocampus and cortex during the anticipation and consumption of a palatable meal. Neuroscience. 1994;62:1049-1056.

38.Imperato A, Puglisi-Allegra S, Grazia SM et al. Cortical and limbic dopamine and acetylcholine release as neurochemical correlates of emotional arousal in both aversive and non-aversive environmental changes. Neurochem Int. 1992;20 Suppl:265S-270S.

39.Semba K. The cholinergic basal forebrain: a critical role in cortical arousal. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991;295:197-218.

40.Woolf NJ. Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain and spinal cord. Prog Neurobiol. 1991;37:475-524.

41.Buzsaki G, Gage FH. The cholinergic nucleus basalis: a key structure in neocortical arousal. EXS. 1989;57:159-171.

42.Hilakivi I. Biogenic amines in the regulation of wakefulness and sleep. Med Biol. 1987;65:97-104.

43.Morgane PJ. Amine pathways and sleep regulation. Brain Res Bull. 1982;9:743-749.

44.Warburton DM. Neurochemistry of behavior. Br Med Bull. 1981;37:121-125.

45.Gillin JC, Mendelson WB, Sitaram N et al. The neuropharmacology of sleep and wakefulness. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1978;18:563-579.

46.Matsuda M, Meyer JS, Deshmukh VD et al. Effect of acetylcholine on cerebral circulation. J Neurosurg. 1976;45:423-431.

47.Drucker-Colin RR, Rojas-Ramirez JA. New approaches to the study of the neurochemical basis of sleep and wakefulness. Adv Psychobiol. 1976;3:1-34.

48.Pradhan SN, Dutta SN. Central cholinergic mechanism and behavior. Int Rev Neurobiol. 1971;14:173-231.

49.Krnjevic K. Chemical transmission and cortical arousal. Anesthesiology. 1967;28:100-105.

50.Phillis JW, Chong GC. Acetylcholine release from the cerebral and cerebellar cortices: its role in cortical arousal. Nature. 1965;207:1253-1255.

51.Abdul-Ghani AS, Bradford HF, Cox DW et al. Peripheral sensory stimulation and the release of transmitter amino acids in vivo from specific regions of cerebral cortex. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1979;123:251-267.

52.Abrahamson EE, Leak RK, Moore RY. The suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to posterior hypothalamic arousal systems. Neuroreport. 2001;12:435-440.

53.Alvarez EO, Ruarte MB. Role of glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens on behavioral responses to novel conflictive and non-conflictive environments in the rat. Behav Brain Res. 2001;123:143-153.

54.Arrigoni E, Rainnie DG, McCarley RW et al. Adenosine-mediated presynaptic modulation of glutamatergic transmission in the laterodorsal tegmentum. J Neurosci. 2001;21:1076-1085.

55.Azuma S, Kodama T, Honda K et al. State-dependent changes of extra cellular glutamate in the medial preoptic area in freely behaving rats. Neurosci Lett. 1996;214:179-182.

56.Bandler R, Depaulis A, Vergnes M. Identification of midbrain neurons mediating defensive behavior in the rat by microinjections of excitatory amino acids. Behav Brain Res. 1985;15:107-119.

57.Barros DM, Mello e Souza, De David T et al. Simultaneous modulation of retrieval by dopaminergic D(1), beta-noradrenergic, serotonergic-1A and cholinergic muscarinic receptors in cortical structures of the rat. Behav Brain Res. 2001;124:1-7.

58.Berridge CW, Bolen SJ, Manley MS et al. Modulation of forebrain electroencephalographic activity in halothane-anesthetized rat via actions of noradrenergic beta-receptors within the medial septal region. J Neurosci. 1996;16:7010-7020.

59.Bettendorff L, Sallanon-Moulin M, Touret M et al. Paradoxical sleep deprivation increases the content of glutamate and glutamine in rat cerebral cortex. Sleep. 1996;19:65-71.

60.Birmes P, Senard JM, Escande M et al. [Biological factors of PTSD: neurotransmitters and neuromodulators]. Encephale. 2002;28:241-247.

61.Cape EG, Jones BE. Effects of glutamate agonist versus procaine microinjections into the basal forebrain cholinergic cell area upon gamma and theta EEG activity and sleep-wake state. Eur J Neurosci. 2000;12:2166-2184.

62.Clayton EC, Williams CL. Glutamatergic influences on the nucleus paragigantocellularis: contribution to performance in avoidance and spatial memory tasks. Behav Neurosci. 2000;114:707-712.

63.Dean P, Simkins M, Hetherington L et al. Tectal induction of cortical arousal: evidence implicating multiple output pathways. Brain Res Bull. 1991;26:1-10.

64.Deng C, Rogers LJ. Differential contributions of the two visual pathways to functional lateralization in chicks. Behav Brain Res. 1997;87:173-182.

65.Feenstra MG, Botterblom MH, van Uum JF. Behavioral arousal and increased dopamine efflux after blockade of NMDA-receptors in the prefrontal cortex are dependent on activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Neuropharmacology. 2002;42:752-763.

66.Ferraro L, Antonelli T, Tanganelli S et al. The vigilance promoting drug modafinil increases extra cellular glutamate levels in the medial preoptic area and the posterior hypothalamus of the conscious rat: prevention by local GABAA receptor blockade. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;20:346-356.

67.Godin Y, Mandel P. [Distribution of free amino acids in the rat central nervous system during sleep and wakefulness]. J Neurochem. 1965;12:455-460.

68.Hasegawa T, Azum S, Inoue S. Amino acid release from the rat oral pontine reticular nucleus across the sleep-wakefulness cycle. J Med Dent Sci. 2000;47:87-93.

69.Hastings MH, Duffield GE, Ebling FJ et al. Non-photic signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Biol Cell. 1997;89:495-503.

70.Hegerl U, Juckel G, Moller HJ. [Event related brain potentials as indicators of neurochemical dysfunctions in psychiatric patients]. Nervenarzt. 1996;67:360-368.

71.Hoffmann A, Brazil Romero SM, de Oliveira LM. Agonistic behavior and its cardiovascular components elicited by microinjection of L-glutamic acid into the basal midbrain of the toad Bufo paracnemis. Brain Behav Evol. 1993;41:316-325.

72.Johnston AN, Rogers LJ. Right hemisphere involvement in imprinting memory revealed by glutamate treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1998;60:863-871.

73.Jones EA, Ferenci P, Pappas SC et al. [Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy--studies in the rabbit model of acute liver failure]. Leber Magen Darm. 1984;14:282-287.

74.Kiyatkin EA, Rebec GV. Dopaminergic modulation of glutamate-induced excitations of neurons in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens of awake, unrestrained rats. J Neurophysiol. 1996;75:142-153.

75.Maiorov VI. Mechanisms of the formation of reactions of cat motor cortex neurons associated with the triggering of the conditioned placing reflex: a hypothesis. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1996;26:27-36.

76.Marks GA, Roffwarg HP. The cholinergic influence upon rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus is dependent on state of arousal. Brain Res. 1989;494:294-306.

77.McCormick DA. Neurotransmitter actions in the thalamus and cerebral cortex. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1992;9:212-223.

78.Mihailobic LT, Krzalic L, Cupic D. Changes of glutamine, glutamic acid and GABA in cortical and subcortical brain structures of hibernating and fully aroused ground squirrels (Citellus citellus). Experientia. 1965;21:709-710.

79.Niijima A, Togiyama T, Adachi A. Cephalic-phase insulin release induced by taste stimulus of monosodium glutamate (umami taste). Physiol Behav. 1990;48:905-908.

80.Passouant P, Delange M, Baldy-Moulinier M. [Effect of dimethyl-amino-ethanol acetyl-glutamate in the treatment of epilepsies]. Therapie. 1971;26:873-884.

81.Perez dlM, Aguilar-Garcia A, Ramon-Frias T et al. Effects of the vigilance promoting drug modafinil on the synthesis of GABA and glutamate in slices of rat hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett. 1999;259:181-185.

82.Rispoli V, Lopilato R, Priolo E et al. Electrocortical desynchronization after microinfusion of kainic acid into the locus coeruleus in rats. Funct Neurol. 1994;9:203-208.

83.Rye DB. Contributions of the pedunculopontine region to normal and altered REM sleep. Sleep. 1997;20:757-788.

84.Saletu B, Grunberger J, Anderer P et al. Acute central effects of the calcium channel blocker and antiglutamatergic drug caroverine. Double blind, placebo-controlled, EEG mapping and psychometric studies after intravenous and oral administration. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995;45:217-229.

85.Sapolsky RM. Potential behavioral modification of glucocorticoid damage to the hippocampus. Behav Brain Res. 1993;57:175-182.

86.Sato-Suzuki I, Kita I, Seki Y et al. Cortical arousal induced by microinjection of orexins into the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. Behav Brain Res. 2002;128:169-177.

87.Schiffelholz T, Holsboer F, Lancel M. High doses of systemic DHEA-sulfate do not affect sleep structure and elicit moderate changes in non-REM sleep EEG in rats. Physiol Behav. 2000;69:399-404.

88.Semba K. Multiple output pathways of the basal forebrain: organization, chemical heterogeneity, and roles in vigilance. Behav Brain Res. 2000;115:117-141.

89.Shekhar A, Keim SR, Simon JR et al. Dorsomedial hypothalamic GABA dysfunction produces physiological arousal following sodium lactate infusions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996;55:249-256.

90.Shors TJ, Servatius RJ, Thompson RF et al. Enhanced glutamatergic neurotransmission facilitates classical conditioning in the freely moving rat. Neurosci Lett. 1995;186:153-156.

91.Sirvio J, MacDonald E. Central alpha1-adrenoceptors: their role in the modulation of attention and memory formation. Pharmacol Ther. 1999;83:49-65.

92.Smialowski A. Excitatory effect of intrahippocampal injection of glutamic acid on rabbit EEG. J Neural Transm. 1983;58:205-211.

93.Soltis RP, Cook JC, Gregg AE et al. Interaction of GABA and excitatory amino acids in the basolateral amygdala: role in cardiovascular regulation. J Neurosci. 1997;17:9367-9374.

94.Steriade M. Brain activation, then (1949) and now: coherent fast rhythms in corticothalamic networks. Arch Ital Biol. 1995;134:5-20.

95.Tabuchi E, Ono T, Nishijo H et al. Amino acid and NaCl appetite, and LHA neuron responses of lysine-deficient rat. Physiol Behav. 1991;49:951-964.

96.Uecker A, Barnes CA, McNaughton BL et al. Hippocampal glycogen metabolism, EEG, and behavior. Behav Neurosci. 1997;111:283-291.

97.Welch KM, D'Andrea G, Tepley N et al. The concept of migraine as a state of central neuronal hyper excitability. Neurol Clin. 1990;8:817-828.

98.Westerink BH. Brain microdialysis and its application for the study of animal behavior. Behav Brain Res. 1995;70:103-124.

99.Winther LC, Saleem R, McCance-Katz EF et al. Effects of lamotrigine on behavioral and cardiovascular responses to cocaine in human subjects. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2000;26:47-59.

100.Abe H, Iwasaki T. NMDA and muscarinic blockade in the perirhinal cortex impairs object discrimination in rats. Neuroreport. 2001;12:3375-3379.

101.Abe K, Horiuchi M, Yoshimura K. Potentiation by DSP-4 of EEG slowing and memory impairment in basal forebrain-lesioned rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997;321:149-155.

102.Aigner TG. Pharmacology of memory: cholinergic-glutamatergic interactions. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1995;5:155-160.

103.Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M. Alzheimer's disease: Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy. Idrugs. 2002;5:1062-1069.

104.Albright CD, Mar MH, Friedrich CB et al. Maternal choline availability alters the localization of p15Ink4B and p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in the developing fetal rat brain hippocampus. Dev Neurosci. 2001;23:100-106.

105.Albright CD, Tsai AY, Friedrich CB et al. Choline availability alters embryonic development of the hippocampus and septum in the rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1999;113:13-20.

106.Ando S, Tadenuma T, Tanaka Y et al. Enhancement of learning capacity and cholinergic synaptic function by carnitine in aging rats. J Neurosci Res. 2001;66:266-271.

107.Andrews JS, Jansen JH, Linders S et al. Effects of disrupting the cholinergic system on short-term spatial memory in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994;115:485-494.

108.Araki H, Uchiyama Y, Kawashima K et al. Impairment of memory and changes in neurotransmitters induced by basal forebrain lesion in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1986;41:497-504.

109.Arendt T, Schugens MM, Bigl V. The cholinergic system and memory: amelioration of ethanol-induced memory deficiency by physostigmine in rat. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Warsz ). 1990;50:251-261.

110.Arendt T, Allen Y, Marchbanks RM et al. Cholinergic system and memory in the rat: effects of chronic ethanol, embryonic basal forebrain brain transplants and excitotoxic lesions of cholinergic basal forebrain projection system. Neuroscience. 1989;33:435-462.

111.Bacciottini L, Passani MB, Mannaioni PF et al. Interactions between histaminergic and cholinergic systems in learning and memory. Behav Brain Res. 2001;124:183-194.

112.Bakin JS, Weinberger NM. Induction of a physiological memory in the cerebral cortex by stimulation of the nucleus basalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:11219-11224.

113.Bartus RT, Dean RL, III, Beer B et al. The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science. 1982;217:408-414.

114.Beelke M, Sannita WG. Cholinergic function and dysfunction in the visual system. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002;24 Suppl D:113-117.

115.Birthelmer A, Lazaris A, Schweizer T et al. Presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter release in the cortex of aged rats with differential memory impairments. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;75:147-162.

116.Birthelmer A, Stemmelin J, Jackisch R et al. Presynaptic modulation of acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and serotonin release in the hippocampus of aged rats with various levels of memory impairments. Brain Res Bull. 2003;60:283-296.

117.Birthelmer A, Lazaris A, Schweizer T et al. Presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter release in the cortex of aged rats with differential memory impairments. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;75:147-162.

118.Bjorklund A, Dunnett SB. Cognitive function. Acetylcholine revisited. Nature. 1995;375:446.

119.Blusztajn JK. Choline, a vital amine. Science. 1998;281:794-795.

120.Bontempi B, Whelan KT, Risbrough VB et al. Cognitive enhancing properties and tolerability of cholinergic agents in mice: a comparative study of nicotine, donepezil, and SIB-1553A, a subtype-selective ligand for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28:1235-1246.

121.Brandt J. Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:620, 622, 625-620, 622, 626.

122.Buchman AL, Sohel M, Brown M et al. Verbal and visual memory improve after choline supplementation in long-term total parenteral nutrition: a pilot study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2001;25:30-35.

123.Cahill L, Haigler HJ. Hippocampal cell death. Science. 1996;272:1251.

124.Miyata H, Hironaka N, Ando K. [Effects of cholinergic drugs on delayed discrimination disruption by AF64A in rats]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1991;97:259-266.

125.Mizumori SJ, Patterson TA, Sternberg H et al. Effects of dietary choline on memory and brain chemistry in aged mice. Neurobiol Aging. 1985;6:51-56.

126.Mohs RC, Davis KL, Levy MI. Partial reversal of anticholinergic amnesia by choline chloride. Life Sci. 1981;29:1317-1323.

127.Molinengo L, Orsetti M, Ghi P. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of a chronic choline-deficient diet in the rat. Behav Brain Res. 1997;84:145-150.

128.Montoya D, Swartzwelder HS. Prenatal choline supplementation alters hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotransmission in adult rats. Neurosci Lett. 2000;296:85-88.

129.Nabeshima T. Behavioral aspects of cholinergic transmission: role of basal forebrain cholinergic system in learning and memory. Prog Brain Res. 1993;98:405-411.

130.Nakamura N, Fujita H, Kawata M. Effects of gonadectomy on immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase in the cortex, hippocampus, and basal forebrain of adult male rats. Neuroscience. 2002;109:473-485.

131.Nakamura S, Ishihara T. Task-dependent memory loss and recovery following unilateral nucleus basalis lesion: behavioral and neurochemical correlation. Behav Brain Res. 1990;39:113-122.

132.Nakazato E, Yamamoto T, Ohno M et al. Cholinergic and glutamatergic activation reverses working memory failure by hippocampal histamine H1 receptor blockade in rats. Life Sci. 2000;67:1139-1147.

133.Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW et al. Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000;57:193-202.

134.Nelson SR, Walaszek EJ. Pharmacology of the central nervous system. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 1968;23:134-154.

135.Ohno M, Kobayashi M, Kishi A et al. Working memory failure by combined blockade of muscarinic and beta-adrenergic transmission in the rat hippocampus. Neuroreport. 1997;8:1571-1575.

136.Pang KC, Nocera R, Secor AJ et al. GABAergic septohippocampal neurons are not necessary for spatial memory. Hippocampus. 2001;11:814-827.

137.Perry EK, Irving D, Perry RH. Cholinergic controversies. Trends Neurosci. 1991;14:483-484.

138.Popik P, Nalepa I, Mamczarz J et al. Retrieval associated cholinergic activity and its inhibition by memory updating. Life Sci. 1994;54:1251-1257.

139.Pradhan SN, Dutta SN. Central cholinergic mechanism and behavior. Int Rev Neurobiol. 1971;14:173-231.

140.Prado-Alcala RA. Is cholinergic activity of the caudate nucleus involved in memory? Life Sci. 1985;37:2135-2142.

141.Pyapali GK, Turner DA, Williams CL et al. Prenatal dietary choline supplementation decreases the threshold for induction of long-term potentiation in young adult rats. J Neurophysiol. 1998;79:1790-1796.

142.Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:4693-4698.

143.Robbins TW. From arousal to cognition: the integrative position of the prefrontal cortex. Prog Brain Res. 2000;126:469-483.

144.Roth M. Senile dementia and its borderlands. Proc Annu Meet Am Psychopathol Assoc. 1980;69:205-232.

145.Sandberg K, Sanberg PR, Hanin I et al. Cholinergic lesion of the striatum impairs acquisition and retention of a passive avoidance response. Behav Neurosci. 1984;98:162-165.

146.Schindler U. Pre-clinical evaluation of cognition enhancing drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1989;13 Suppl:S99-115.

147.Signoret JL, Whiteley A, Lhermitte F. Influence of choline on amnesia in early Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 1978;2:837.

148.Sitaram N, Weingartner H, Caine ED et al. Choline: Selective enhancement of serial learning and encoding of low imagery words in man. Life Sci. 1978;22:1555-1560.

149.Steckler T, Sahgal A. The role of serotonergic-cholinergic interactions in the mediation of cognitive behavior. Behav Brain Res. 1995;67:165-199.

150.Tarricone BJ, Keim SR, Simon JR et al. Intrahippocampal transplants of septal cholinergic neurons: high-affinity choline uptake and spatial memory function. Brain Res. 1991;548:55-62.

151.Wenk G, Sweeney J, Hughey D et al. Cholinergic function and memory: extensive inhibition of choline acetyltransferase fails to impair radial maze performance in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1986;25:521-526.

152.Wenk G, Hughey D, Boundy V et al. Neurotransmitters and memory: role of cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems. Behav Neurosci. 1987;101:325-332.

153.Winblad B, Hardy J, Backman L et al. Memory function and brain biochemistry in normal aging and in senile dementia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1985;444:255-268.

154.Aigner TG, Mitchell SJ, Aggleton JP et al. Transient impairment of recognition memory following ibotenic-acid lesions of the basal forebrain in macaques. Exp Brain Res. 1991;86:18-26.

155.Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M. Alzheimer's disease: Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy. Idrugs. 2002;5:1062-1069.

156.Ando S, Tadenuma T, Tanaka Y et al. Enhancement of learning capacity and cholinergic synaptic function by carnitine in aging rats. J Neurosci Res. 2001;66:266-271.

157.Ando S, Tadenuma T, Tanaka Y et al. Enhancement of learning capacity and cholinergic synaptic function by carnitine in aging rats. J Neurosci Res. 2001;66:266-271.

158.Avraham Y, Hao S, Mendelson S et al. Diet restriction in mice causes a decrease in hippocampal choline uptake and muscarinic receptors that is restored by administration of tyrosine: interaction between cholinergic and adrenergic receptors influencing cognitive function. Nutr Neurosci. 2001;4:153-167.

159.Bartolini L, Casamenti F, Pepeu G. Aniracetam restores object recognition impaired by age, scopolamine, and nucleus basalis lesions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996;53:277-283.

160.Bartus RT, Dean RL, III, Beer B et al. The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science. 1982;217:408-414.

161.Baxter MG, Frick KM, Price DL et al. Presynaptic markers of cholinergic function in the rat brain: relationship with age and cognitive status. Neuroscience. 1999;89:771-779.

162.Baxter MG, Chiba AA. Cognitive functions of the basal forebrain. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1999;9:178-183.

163.Baxter MG, Frick KM, Price DL et al. Presynaptic markers of cholinergic function in the rat brain: relationship with age and cognitive status. Neuroscience. 1999;89:771-779.

164.Biessels GJ, van der Heide LP, Kamal A et al. Ageing and diabetes: implications for brain function. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;441:1-14.

165.Bjorklund A, Dunnett SB. Cognitive function. Acetylcholine revisited. Nature. 1995;375:446.

166.Blusztajn JK. Choline, a vital amine. Science. 1998;281:794-795.

167.Costall B, Barnes JM, Hamon M et al. Biochemical models for cognition enhancers. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1990;23 Suppl 2:85-88.

168.Dalley JW, McGaughy J, O'Connell MT et al. Distinct changes in cortical acetylcholine and noradrenaline efflux during contingent and noncontingent performance of a visual attentional task. J Neurosci. 2001;21:4908-4914.

169.Das UN. Can memory be improved? A discussion on the role of ras, GABA, acetylcholine, NO, insulin, TNF-alpha, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in memory formation and consolidation. Brain Dev. 2003;25:251-261.

170.Davies P. A critical review of the role of the cholinergic system in human memory and cognition. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1985;444:212-217.

171.Davis BM, Mohs RC, Greenwald BS et al. Clinical studies of the cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease. I. Neurochemical and neuroendocrine studies. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33:741-748.

172.Freo U, Pizzolato G, Dam M et al. A short review of cognitive and functional neuroimaging studies of cholinergic drugs: implications for therapeutic potentials. J Neural Transm. 2002;109:857-870.

173.Gold PE. Role of glucose in regulating the brain and cognition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61:987S-995S.

174.Gold PE, Cahill L, Wenk GL. The lowdown on Ginkgo biloba. Sci Am. 2003;288:86-91.

175.Jesus Moreno MM. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2003;25:178-193.

176.Leonard S, Bertrand D. Neuronal nicotinic receptors: from structure to function. Nicotine Tob Res. 2001;3:203-223.

177.Levin ED, Simon BB. Nicotinic acetylcholine involvement in cognitive function in animals. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998;138:217-230.

178.McGeer PL, McGeer EG, Kamo H et al. Positron emission tomography and the possible origins of cytopathology in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1986;10:501-518.

179.Muir JL. Acetylcholine, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997;56:687-696.

180.Nathan P. Can the cognitive enhancing effects of ginkgo biloba be explained by its pharmacology? Med Hypotheses. 2000;55:491-493.

181.Ogasawara T, Itoh Y, Tamura M et al. Involvement of cholinergic and GABAergic systems in the reversal of memory disruption by NS-105, a cognition enhancer. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999;64:41-52.

182.Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M. Alzheimer's disease: Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy. Idrugs. 2002;5:1062-1069.

183.Amenta F, Parnetti L, Gallai V et al. Treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease with cholinergic precursors. Ineffective treatments or inappropriate approaches? Mech Ageing Dev. 2001;122:2025-2040.

184.Bai DL, Tang XC, He XC. Huperzine A, a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Med Chem. 2000;7:355-374.

185.Beal MF, Clevens RA, Chattha GK et al. Galanin-like immunoreactivity is unchanged in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia cerebral cortex. J Neurochem. 1988;51:1935-1941.

186.Birks J, Grimley EJ, Iakovidou V et al. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;CD001191.

187.Birks JS, Melzer D. Donepezil for mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;CD001190.

188.Boissiere F, Hunot S, Faucheux B et al. Trk neurotrophin receptors in cholinergic neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1997;8:1-8.

189.Brown D, Chisholm JA, Owens J et al. Acetylcholine muscarinic receptors and response to anti-cholinesterase therapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:296-300.

190.Choi SH, Park CH, Koo JW et al. Memory impairment and cholinergic dysfunction by centrally administered Abeta and carboxyl-terminal fragment of Alzheimer's APP in mice. FASEB J. 2001;15:1816-1818.

191.Corona GL, Cucchi ML, Frattini P et al. Clinical and biochemical responses to therapy in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1989;239:79-86.

192.Court J, Martin-Ruiz C, Piggott M et al. Nicotinic receptor abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:175-184.

193.Cutler NR, Sramek JJ. Review of the next generation of Alzheimer's disease therapeutics: challenges for drug development. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2001;25:27-57.

194.Dinsmore ST. Treatment options for Alzheimer's disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999;99:S6-S8.

195.Flint AJ, van Reekum R. The pharmacologic treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a guide for the general psychiatrist. Can J Psychiatry. 1998;43:689-697.

196.Frolich L. The cholinergic pathology in Alzheimer's disease--discrepancies between clinical experience and pathophysiological findings. J Neural Transm. 2002;109:1003-1013.

197.Growdon JH, Corkin S, Huff FJ et al. Piracetam combined with lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 1986;7:269-276.

198.Ikonomovic MD, Mufson EJ, Wuu J et al. Cholinergic plasticity in hippocampus of individuals with mild cognitive impairment: correlation with Alzheimer's neuropathology. J Alzheimers Dis. 2003;5:39-48.

199.Jesus Moreno MM. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2003;25:178-193.

200.Jhamandas JH, Harris KH, MacTavish D et al. Novel excitatory actions of galanin on rat cholinergic basal forebrain neurons: implications for its role in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurophysiol. 2002;87:696-704.

201.Maire JC, Wurtman RJ. Choline production from choline-containing phospholipids: a hypothetical role in Alzheimer's disease and aging. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1984;8:637-642.

202.Marchbanks RM. Biochemistry of Alzheimer's dementia. J Neurochem. 1982;39:9-15.

203.Messer WS, Jr. Cholinergic agonists and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Top Med Chem. 2002;2:353-358.

204.Nobili L, Sannita WG. Cholinergic modulation, visual function and Alzheimer's dementia. Vision Res. 1997;37:3559-3571.

205.Ott BR, Owens NJ. Complementary and alternative medicines for Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1998;11:163-173.

206.Palmer AM, Gershon S. Is the neuronal basis of Alzheimer's disease cholinergic or glutamatergic? FASEB J. 1990;4:2745-2752.

207.Petrie WM. Alzheimer's disease. Compr Ther. 1985;11:38-43.

208.Riekkinen PJ, Laulumaa V, Sirvio J et al. Recent progress in the research of Alzheimer's disease. Med Biol. 1987;65:83-88.

209.Robert PH, Gokalsing E, Bertogliati C. [Cholinergic hypothesis and Alzheimer's disease: the place of donepezil (Aricept)]. Encephale. 1999;25 Spec No 5:23-27.

210.Roth ME. Advances in Alzheimer's disease. A review for the family physician. J Fam Pract. 1993;37:593-607.

211.Sabbagh MN, Reid RT, Hansen LA et al. Correlation of nicotinic receptor binding with clinical and neuropathological changes in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neural Transm. 2001;108:1149-1157.

212.Sclar DA, Skaer TL. Current concepts in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Ther. 1992;14:2-10.

213.Sharma A, Parikh V, Singh M. Pharmacological basis of drug therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997;35:1146-1155.

214.Signoret JL, Whiteley A, Lhermitte F. Influence of choline on amnesia in early Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 1978;2:837.

215.Weinstock M. The pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease based on the cholinergic hypothesis: an update. Neurodegeneration. 1995;4:349-356.

216.Cholinergic involvement in senile dementia. Lancet. 1977;1:408.

217.Arsland D. [Dementia with Lewy bodies]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002;122:525-529.

218.Beal MF, Clevens RA, Chattha GK et al. Galanin-like immunoreactivity is unchanged in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia cerebral cortex. J Neurochem. 1988;51:1935-1941.

219.Blokland A. Acetylcholine: a neurotransmitter for learning and memory? Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1995;21:285-300.

220.Corey-Bloom J. The ABC of Alzheimer's disease: cognitive changes and their management in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Int Psychogeriatr. 2002;14 Suppl 1:51-75.

221.Devi G, Silver J. Approaches to memory loss in neuropsychiatric disorders. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2000;5:259-265.

222.Donnet A. [The basal forebrain. Neuroanato-physiology and neurologic applications]. Encephale. 1993;19:237-240.

223.Egashira T. [Experimental techniques for developing new drugs acting on dementia (4)--Aged rats]. Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo. 1994;14:245-253.

224.Ernst T, Chang L, Arnold S. Increased glial metabolites predict increased working memory network activation in HIV brain injury. Neuroimage. 2003;19:1686-1693.

225.Espey MG, Basile AS, Heaton RK et al. Increased glutamate in CSF and plasma of patients with HIV dementia. Neurology. 2002;58:1439-1440.

226.Forstl H. Clinical issues in current drug therapy for dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2000;14 Suppl 1:S103-S108.

227.Friedland RP, Koss E, Lerner A et al. Functional imaging, the frontal lobes, and dementia. Dementia. 1993;4:192-203.

228.Gold JL, Laxer DA, Dergal JM et al. Herbal-drug therapy interactions: a focus on dementia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001;4:29-34.

229.Growdon JH, Corkin S. Neurochemical approaches to the treatment of senile dementia. Proc Annu Meet Am Psychopathol Assoc. 1980;69:281-296.

230.Henderson VW. Oestrogens and dementia. Novartis Found Symp. 2000;230:254-265.

231.Higgins JP, Flicker L. Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;CD001015.

232.Ishikawa K, Kubo T, Shibanoki S et al. Hippocampal degeneration inducing impairment of learning in rats: model of dementia? Behav Brain Res. 1997;83:39-44.

233.Itil T, Martorano D. Natural substances in psychiatry (Ginkgo biloba in dementia). Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31:147-158.

234.Katzman R. Dementias. Postgrad Med. 1978;64:119-125.

235.Kent S. Preventing senile dementia: hope for the future. Geriatrics. 1981;36:130, 133, 135-130, 133, 136.

236.Kolata GB. Clues to the cause of senile dementia. Science. 1981;211:1032-1033.

237.Liberini P. The cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: from animal models to neuropathological data. Funct Neurol. 1997;12:153-157.

238.Marchbanks RM. Choline, acetylcholine and dementia. Psychol Med. 1980;10:1-3.

239.McLendon BM, Chen GG, Doraiswamy PM. Current and future treatments for cognitive deficits in dementia. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2000;2:20-23.

240.Moriyama T, Uezu K, Matsumoto Y et al. Effects of dietary phosphatidylcholine on memory in memory deficient mice with low brain acetylcholine concentration. Life Sci. 1996;58:L111-L118.

241.Muenter MD, Forno LS, Hornykiewicz O et al. Hereditary form of Parkinsonism--dementia. Ann Neurol. 1998;43:768-781.

242.Murphy MF, Davis KL. Biological perspectives in chronic pain, depression, and organic mental disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1981;4:223-237.

243.Parnetti L, Amici S, Lanari A et al. Pharmacological treatment of non-cognitive disturbances in dementia disorders. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001;122:2063-2069.

244.Paul RH, Cohen RA, Moser DJ et al. The serial position effect in mild and moderately severe vascular dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8:584-587.

245.Perry EK, Perry RH, Blessed G et al. Necropsy evidence of central cholinergic deficits in senile dementia. Lancet. 1977;1:189.

246.Picciotto MR, Zoli M. Nicotinic receptors in aging and dementia. J Neurobiol. 2002;53:641-655.

247.Roth M. Senile dementia and its borderlands. Proc Annu Meet Am Psychopathol Assoc. 1980;69:205-232.

248.Winblad B, Hardy J, Backman L et al. Memory function and brain biochemistry in normal aging and in senile dementia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1985;444:255-268.

249.Zeisel S, Reinstein D, Corkin S et al. Cholinergic neurons and memory. Nature. 1981;293:187-188.

250.Ratloff J. Brain Food:Choline Enters the Nutritional Limelight. Science News. 2001;160:282-284.

251.DeFeudis FV, Drieu K. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and CNS functions: basic studies and clinical applications. Curr Drug Targets. 2000;1:25-58.

252.Nathan P. Can the cognitive enhancing effects of ginkgo biloba be explained by its pharmacology? Med Hypotheses. 2000;55:491-493.

253.Dinsmore ST. Treatment options for Alzheimer's disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999;99:S6-S8.

254.Ott BR, Owens NJ. Complementary and alternative medicines for Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1998;11:163-173.

255.Kristofikova Z, Klaschka J. In vitro effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the activity of presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals in rat hippocampus. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1997;8:43-48.

256.Ramassamy C, Clostre F, Christen Y et al. Prevention by a Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE 761) of the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPTP. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990;42:785-789.

257.The role of excitatory amino acids in the actions of abused drugs. NIDA Res Monogr. 1994;140:65-68.

258.Angel-Meza AR, Ramirez-Cortes L, Adame-Gonzalez IG et al. Cerebral GABA release and GAD activity in protein- and tryptophan- restricted rats during development. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2002;20:47-54.

259.Arrigoni E, Rainnie DG, McCarley RW et al. Adenosine-mediated presynaptic modulation of glutamatergic transmission in the laterodorsal tegmentum. J Neurosci. 2001;21:1076-1085.

260.Barbeito L, Cheramy A, Godeheu G et al. Glutamate Receptors of a Quisqualate-Kainate Subtype are Involved in the Presynaptic Regulation of Dopamine Release in the Cat Caudate Nucleus in vivo. Eur J Neurosci. 1990;2:304-311.

261.Belenikin MS, Baskin II, Palyulin VA et al. A new binding mode of competitive antagonists to metabotropic glutamate receptors exemplified by the mGluR1-receptor antagonist AIDA (RS- aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid). Dokl Biochem Biophys. 2002;384:131-135.

262.Breysse N, Baunez C, Spooren W et al. Chronic but not acute treatment with a metabotropic glutamate 5-receptor antagonist reverses the akinetic deficits in a rat model of parkinsonism. J Neurosci. 2002;22:5669-5678.

263.Car H, Oksztel R, Nadlewska A et al. NMDA receptor antagonists change behavioral activity of rats treated with (S)-4CPG. Pol J Pharmacol. 2001;53:331-339.

264.Chiang AS, Pszczolkowski MA, Liu HP et al. Ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate juvenile hormone synthesis in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2002;32:669-678.

265.Dhami GK, Anborgh PH, Dale LB et al. Phosphorylation-independent regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:25266-25272.

266.Diaz-Cabiale Z, Vivo M, del Arco A et al. Metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor-mediated modulation of the ventral striopallidal GABA pathway in rats. Interactions with adenosine A(2A) and dopamine D(2) receptors. Neurosci Lett. 2002;324:154-158.

267.Doi A, Ishibashi H, Jinno S et al. Presynaptic inhibition of GABAergic miniature currents by metabotropic glutamate receptor in the rat CNS.

268.Fendt M, Schmid S. Metabotropic glutamate receptors are involved in amygdaloid plasticity. Eur J Neurosci. 2002;15:1535-1541.

269.Giuliano F, Rampin O, Allard J. Neurophysiology and pharmacology of female genital sexual response. J Sex Marital Ther. 2002;28 Suppl 1:101-121.

270.Grosshans DR, Clayton DA, Coultrap SJ et al. Analysis of glutamate receptor surface expression in acute hippocampal slices. Sci STKE. 2002;2002:L8.

271.Holscher C. Metabotropic glutamate receptors control gating of spike transmission in the hippocampus area CA1. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002;73:307-316.

272.Huemmeke M, Eysel UT, Mittmann T. Metabotropic glutamate receptors mediate expression of LTP in slices of rat visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci. 2002;15:1641-1645.

273.Karlsson U, Sjodin J, Angeby MK et al. Glutamate-induced currents reveal three functionally distinct NMDA receptor populations in rat dorsal horn - effects of peripheral nerve lesion and inflammation. Neuroscience. 2002;112:861-868.

274.Katsurabayashi S, Kubota H, Wang ZM et al. cAMP-dependent presynaptic regulation of spontaneous glycinergic IPSCs in mechanically dissociated rat spinal cord neurons. J Neurophysiol. 2001;85:332-340.

275.Lee RK, Jimenez J, Cox AJ et al. Metabotropic glutamate receptors regulate APP processing in hippocampal neurons and cortical astrocytes derived from fetal rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996;777:338-343.

276.Leinekugel X, Khazipov R, Cannon R et al. Correlated bursts of activity in the neonatal hippocampus in vivo. Science. 2002;296:2049-2052.

277.Li W, Trexler EB, Massey SC. Glutamate receptors at rod bipolar ribbon synapses in the rabbit retina. J Comp Neurol. 2002;448:230-248.

278.Mao L, Wang JQ. Glutamate Cascade to cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Phosphorylation in Cultured Striatal Neurons through Calcium-Coupled Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 2002;62:473-484.

279.Martin-Ruiz R, Puig MV, Celada P et al. Control of serotonergic function in medial prefrontal cortex by serotonin-2A receptors through a glutamate-dependent mechanism. J Neurosci. 2001;21:9856-9866.

280.Meeker RB. Metabotropic and NMDA glutamate receptor interactions with osmotic stimuli in supraoptic neurons. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002;73:475-484.

281.Moghaddam B. Stress activation of glutamate neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex: implications for dopamine-associated psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51:775-787.

282.Neugebauer V. Metabotropic glutamate receptors - important modulators of nociception and pain behavior. Pain. 2002;98:1-8.

283.Pisani A, Bonsi P, Catania MV et al. Metabotropic glutamate 2 receptors modulate synaptic inputs and calcium signals in striatal cholinergic interneurons. J Neurosci. 2002;22:6176-6185.

284.Schoepp DD. Metabotropic glutamate receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002;73:285-286.

285.Sevoz-Couche C, Maisonneuve B, Hamon M et al. Glutamate and NO mediation of the pressor response to 5-HT3 receptor stimulation in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Neuroreport. 2002;13:837-841.

286.Suchak SK, Baloyianni NV, Perkinton MS et al. The 'glial' glutamate transporter, EAAT2 (Glt-1) accounts for high affinity glutamate uptake into adult rodent nerve endings. J Neurochem. 2003;84:522-532.

287.Ulus IH, Wurtman RJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists increase release of soluble amyloid precursor protein derivatives from rat brain cortical and hippocampal slices. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997;281:149-154.

288.Wang G, Ding S, Yunokuchi K. Glutamate-induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ in cultured rat neocortical neurons. Neuroreport. 2002;13:1051-1056.

289.Chen JF, Moratalla R, Impagnatiello F et al. The role of the D(2) dopamine receptor (D(2)R) in A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)R)-mediated behavioral and cellular responses as revealed by A(2A) and D(2) receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:1970-1975.

290.Chen JF, Xu K, Petzer JP et al. Neuroprotection by caffeine and A(2A) adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci. 2001;21:RC143.

291.Conlay LA, Conant JA, deBros F et al. Caffeine alters plasma adenosine levels. Nature. 1997;389:136.

292.Conlay LA, Evoniuk G, Wurtman RJ. Endogenous adenosine and hemorrhagic shock: effects of caffeine administration or caffeine withdrawal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85:4483-4485.

293.Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L. Potentiation of the thermogenic antiobesity effects of ephedrine by dietary methylxanthines: adenosine antagonism or phosphodiesterase inhibition? Metabolism. 1992;41:1233-1241.

294.Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L. Peripheral mechanisms of thermogenesis induced by ephedrine and caffeine in brown adipose tissue. Int J Obes. 1991;15:317-326.

295.Dunwiddie TV, Masino SA. The role and regulation of adenosine in the central nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:31-55.

296.Evoniuk G, von Borstel RW, Wurtman RJ. Antagonism of the cardiovascular effects of adenosine by caffeine or 8- (p-sulfophenyl)theophylline. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1987;240:428-432.

297.Schwarzschild MA, Chen JF, Ascherio A. Caffeinated clues and the promise of adenosine A(2A) antagonists in PD. Neurology. 2002;58:1154-1160.

298.Tofovic SP, Zacharia L, Carcillo JA et al. Inhibition of adenosine deaminase attenuates endotoxin-induced release of cytokines in vivo in rats. Shock. 2001;16:196-202.

299.von Borstel RW, Renshaw AA, Wurtman RJ. Adenosine strongly potentiates pressor responses to nicotine in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984;81:5599-5603.

300.Barcz E, Sommer E, Janik P et al. Adenosine receptor antagonism causes inhibition of angiogenic activity of human ovarian cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2000;7:1285-1291.

301.Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L. Potentiation of the thermogenic antiobesity effects of ephedrine by dietary methylxanthines: adenosine antagonism or phosphodiesterase inhibition? Metabolism. 1992;41:1233-1241.

302.Richter A, Hamann M. Effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists in a genetic animal model of primary paroxysmal dystonia. Br J Pharmacol. 2001;134:343-352.

303.Satoh A, Satoh K, Masamune A et al. Activation of adenosine A2a receptor pathway reduces leukocyte infiltration but enhances edema formation in rat caerulein pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2002;24:75-82.

304.Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L et al. Green tea and thermogenesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24:252-258.

305.Luceri C, Caderni G, Sanna A et al. Red wine and black tea polyphenols modulate the expression of cycloxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and glutathione- related enzymes in azoxymethane-induced f344 rat colon tumors. J Nutr. 2002;132:1376-1379.

306.Richelle M, Tavazzi I, Offord E. Comparison of the antioxidant activity of commonly consumed polyphenolic beverages (coffee, cocoa, and tea) prepared per cup serving. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49:3438-3442.

307.Scalbert A, Williamson G. Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J Nutr. 2000;130:2073S-2085S.

308.Albright CD, Siwek DF, Craciunescu CN et al. Choline availability during embryonic development alters the localization of calretinin in developing and aging mouse hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci. 2003;6:129-134.

309.Fisher MC, Zeisel SH, Mar MH et al. Inhibitors of choline uptake and metabolism cause developmental abnormalities in neurulating mouse embryos. Teratology. 2001;64:114-122.

310.Fisher MC, Zeisel SH, Mar MH et al. Perturbations in choline metabolism cause neural tube defects in mouse embryos in vitro. FASEB J. 2002;16:619-621.

311.Holmes-McNary MQ, Baldwin AS, Jr., Zeisel SH. Opposing regulation of choline deficiency-induced apoptosis by p53 and nuclear factor kappaB. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:41197-41204.

312.Holmes-McNary MQ, Loy R, Mar MH et al. Apoptosis is induced by choline deficiency in fetal brain and in PC12 cells. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1997;101:9-16.

313.Holmes-McNary MQ, Loy R, Mar MH et al. Apoptosis is induced by choline deficiency in fetal brain and in PC12 cells. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1997;101:9-16.

314.Lehman-McKeeman LD, Gamsky EA, Hicks SM et al. Diethanolamine induces hepatic choline deficiency in mice. Toxicol Sci. 2002;67:38-45.

315.Niculescu MD, Zeisel SH. Diet, methyl donors and DNA methylation: interactions between dietary folate, methionine and choline. J Nutr. 2002;132:2333S-2335S.

316.Rohlfs EM, Garner SC, Mar MH et al. Glycerophosphocholine and phosphocholine are the major choline metabolites in rat milk. J Nutr. 1993;123:1762-1768.

317.Selhub J, Seyoum E, Pomfret EA et al. Effects of choline deficiency and methotrexate treatment upon liver folate content and distribution. Cancer Res. 1991;51:16-21.

318.Sheard NF, Zeisel SH. Choline: an essential dietary nutrient? Nutrition. 1989;5:1-5.

319.Yen CL, Mar MH, Meeker RB et al. Choline deficiency induces apoptosis in primary cultures of fetal neurons. FASEB J. 2001;15:1704-1710.

320.Yen CL, Mar MH, Zeisel SH. Choline deficiency-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells is associated with diminished membrane phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, accumulation of ceramide and diacylglycerol, and activation of a caspase. FASEB J. 1999;13:135-142.

321.Yen CL, Mar MH, Meeker RB et al. Choline deficiency induces apoptosis in primary cultures of fetal neurons. FASEB J. 2001;15:1704-1710.

322.Yen CL, Mar MH, Craciunescu CN et al. Deficiency in methionine, tryptophan, isoleucine, or choline induces apoptosis in cultured cells. J Nutr. 2002;132:1840-1847.

323.Zeisel S, Reinstein D, Corkin S et al. Cholinergic neurons and memory. Nature. 1981;293:187-188.

324.Zeisel SH. Choline: needed for normal development of memory. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:528S-531S.

325.Zeisel SH, Albright CD, Shin OH et al. Choline deficiency selects for resistance to p53-independent apoptosis and causes tumorigenic transformation of rat hepatocytes. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18:731-738.

326.Zeisel SH. Choline: essential for brain development and function. Adv Pediatr. 1997;44:263-295.

327.Zeisel SH, da Costa KA, Albright CD et al. Choline and hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1995;375:65-74.

328.Zeisel SH. Nutrients, signal transduction and carcinogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1995;369:175-183.

329.Zeisel SH. Choline: needed for normal development of memory. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:528S-531S.

330.Zeisel SH. Choline: essential for brain development and function. Adv Pediatr. 1997;44:263-295.

331.Zeisel SH. Choline: essential for brain development and function. Adv Pediatr. 1997;44:263-295.

332.Zeisel SH. Choline: needed for normal development of memory. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:528S-531S.

333.Zeisel SH. Choline: essential for brain development and function. Adv Pediatr. 1997;44:263-295.

334.Zeisel SH, Stanbury JB, Wurtman RJ et al. Choline content of mothers' milk in Ecuador and Boston. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:175-176.

335.Zeisel SH, Wurtman RJ. Developmental changes in rat blood choline concentration. Biochem J. 1981;198:565-570.

336.Zeisel SH, Mauron C, Watkins CJ et al. Developmental changes in brain indoles, serum tryptophan and other serum neutral amino acids in the rat. Brain Res. 1981;227:551-564.

337.Zeisel SH, Growdon JH, Wurtman RJ et al. Normal plasma choline responses to ingested lecithin. Neurology. 1980;30:1226-1229.

338.Zeisel SH, Story DL, Wurtman RJ et al. Uptake of free choline by isolated perfused rat liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980;77:4417-4419.

339.Zeisel SH, Epstein MF, Wurtman RJ. Elevated choline concentration in neonatal plasma. Life Sci. 1980;26:1827-1831.

340.Albright CD, Siwek DF, Craciunescu CN et al. Choline availability during embryonic development alters the localization of calretinin in developing and aging mouse hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci. 2003;6:129-134.

341.Albright CD, Salganik RI, Craciunescu CN et al. Mitochondrial and microsomal derived reactive oxygen species mediate apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 in immortalized rat hepatocytes. J Cell Biochem. 2003;89:254-261.

342.Albright CD, Mar MH, Friedrich CB et al. Maternal choline availability alters the localization of p15Ink4B and p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in the developing fetal rat brain hippocampus. Dev Neurosci. 2001;23:100-106.

343.Albright CD, Friedrich CB, Brown EC et al. Maternal dietary choline availability alters mitosis, apoptosis and the localization of TOAD-64 protein in the developing fetal rat septum. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1999;115:123-129.

344.Albright CD, Tsai AY, Friedrich CB et al. Choline availability alters embryonic development of the hippocampus and septum in the rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1999;113:13-20.

345.Albright CD, Tsai AY, Mar MH et al. Choline availability modulates the expression of TGFbeta1 and cytoskeletal proteins in the hippocampus of developing rat brain. Neurochem Res. 1998;23:751-758.

346.Albright CD, Zeisel SH. Choline deficiency causes increased localization of transforming growth factor-beta1 signaling proteins and apoptosis in the rat liver. Pathobiology. 1997;65:264-270.

347.Albright CD, Liu R, Mar MH et al. Diet, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;422:97-107.

348.Albright CD, Liu R, Bethea TC et al. Choline deficiency induces apoptosis in SV40-immortalized CWSV-1 rat hepatocytes in culture. FASEB J. 1996;10:510-516.

349.Albright CD, Mar MH, Friedrich CB et al. Maternal choline availability alters the localization of p15Ink4B and p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in the developing fetal rat brain hippocampus. Dev Neurosci. 2001;23:100-106.

350.Albright CD, Tsai AY, Friedrich CB et al. Choline availability alters embryonic development of the hippocampus and septum in the rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1999;113:13-20.

351.Albright CD, Tsai AY, Mar MH et al. Choline availability modulates the expression of TGFbeta1 and cytoskeletal proteins in the hippocampus of developing rat brain. Neurochem Res. 1998;23:751-758.

352.Albright CD, Friedrich CB, Brown EC et al. Maternal dietary choline availability alters mitosis, apoptosis and the localization of TOAD-64 protein in the developing fetal rat septum. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1999;115:123-129.

353.Albright CD, Tsai AY, Friedrich CB et al. Choline availability alters embryonic development of the hippocampus and septum in the rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1999;113:13-20.

354.Canty DJ, Zeisel SH. Lecithin and choline in human health and disease. Nutr Rev. 1994;52:327-339.

355.Conlay LA, Zeisel SH. Neurotransmitter precursors and brain function. Neurosurgery. 1982;10:524-529.

356.Fisher MC, Zeisel SH, Mar MH et al. Inhibitors of choline uptake and metabolism cause developmental abnormalities in neurulating mouse embryos. Teratology. 2001;64:114-122.

357.Fisher MC, Zeisel SH, Mar MH et al. Perturbations in choline metabolism cause neural tube defects in mouse embryos in vitro. FASEB J. 2002;16:619-621.

Reference List